How is the Enlightenment connected to the Scientific Revolution Essay

How is the Enlightenment associated with the Scientific Revolution - Essay Example Individuals thought the globe was the midpoint of the universe (Bacon 1960). That implied that the moon, planets, and the sun spun around the earth. Europeans utilized thoughts dependent on the physical world while Romans and Greeks had confidence in the Bible. Be that as it may, perspectives changed in the mid 1500. A feeling of interest offered ascend to a logical insurgency (Burns 2003). Researchers were eager to address old thoughts and the degree of center was improved with much perception. Europeans were driving in the investigation prompting disclosure of new grounds and the foundation of colleges. Francis Bacon, an English essayist, helped with encouraging this methodology. He asked researchers to put together their feelings with respect to what they could find on the planet (Bacon 1960). R. Descartes utilized science and rationale to apply his massive impact. In the mid 1600, Isaac Newton set up the law of gravity. He utilized arithmetic to show the law of gravity controlled the movement of the planets and articles on earth (Burns 2003). Paris turned into the European social place in 1700 (Oslar 2000) where individuals from the whole Europe accumulated to new thoughts regarding illumination. Marie Therese got famous for facilitating and subsidizing thoughts on edification. As per the letters by Isaac Newton, religion and uniqueness were vital for advancement. In the letters, Newton said that the disclosure came because of patient idea. The letters contained critical suggestions yet were defective in certain parts. As per Isaac Newton, regardless of how matter was dissipated, it would be vastly pulled in towards the middle (Hankins 1985). This implied at the inside there would have a molecule that is pulled in to every other molecule at equivalent measure (Goodman 1973). This got known as a condition of flawless harmony. As indicated by the perceptions of the incredible instauration by Francis Bacon, human astuteness is answerable for its own difficulti es and troubles (Oslar 2000). In this way, man should utilize the assistance available to him to address the troubles that he faces. This uncovered the degrees of obliviousness and the harm it causes to the personal satisfaction. He contended that through human endeavors and assurance life can be reestablished to the ideal condition or decreased to all the more likely condition that it is presently (Burns 2003). Science and reasoning developed so quickly that the two must be isolated (Sax 2001). The effect is as yet being felt today. Researcher came to realize that watching and clarifying would help them in finding the characteristic laws. The logical technique turned out to be progressively unmistakable (Portar 2001). The finding affected training in all levels. As more individuals prepared in science and material science, innovation progressed and new advancements were found. Illumination had exceptional effect in the personal satisfaction (Goodman 1973). Muddled ranch apparatus a nd material industry were found causing logical and the modern unrest (Sax 2001). Logical insurgency looked for a break from a strict and religious way to deal with life (Hankins 1985). In medieval occasions, society was to a great extent represented by chapel perspectives and customs which debilitated receptiveness (Oslar 2000). Illumination was a development that moved individuals to think and settle on free choices. Newton, Descartes and Priestly assumed a noteworthy job in the disclosure of sextants slide rule and

Labor Relations Free Essays

In this paper, associations and work relations will be characterized and their effect on associations will be explained. Likewise, the effect of changes in representative relations procedures, approaches, and practices on authoritative execution will be analyzed. After this, the inquiry â€Å"Are associations still important in the U. We will compose a custom exposition test on Work Relations or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now S.?† will be replied. Besides, the crusade, the political decision, contract dealings, complaint taking care of, assertions, work relations, and strikes will be tended to. Worker's organizations and work relations Worker's organizations, which are the guard dogs and moderators for the American workforce, are a method of on the whole bartering with bosses for reasonable working conditions and reasonable wages. The art associations or talented workers and modern associations or workers in a similar industry, paying little mind to aptitude are the two sorts of worker's guilds that are composed. In the U.S. Gatherings of profoundly prepared woodworkers, tailors, printers, and weavers in the pioneer age, the seed of present day worker's guilds were the organizations. Organizations, which are monetary and social in nature, are relationship of people who are engaged with a similar specialty or business. The laborers who individuals from societies are grouped together with the goal that the quality norms would be kept up and the employers’ recruiting of gifted workers from home would be guaranteed. In the mid-nineteenth century, there was an expansion in the quantity of new mechanical associations which were made for the affirmation of workers’ rights. This adjustment in the character of the American workforce was because of the innovation of the steam motor and other modern headways. The Knights of Labor, which introduced the Labor Day occasion in 1882, was one of the most significant modern associations. During the 1890s, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was shaped. It is made out of the art associations which incorporate both gifted and incompetent workers. The league was framed in light of the fact that its part create associations were against the sythesis of the Knights of Labor’s enrollment. The United Mine Workers and the Danburry Hatters case in 1902 were ones of the early clashes and strikes remembered for this period. During the 1930s, when the Great Depression occurred, the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was framed. A considerable lot of the individuals from CIO were the dissenters of the AFL who favors mechanical unionism. Laborers in the steel, elastic, auto, sea, glass, and meat pressing businesses were a portion of the significant constituents of the CIO. Disregarding the contentions during the 30s and 40s, an amazing body known as the AFL-CIO was framed from the converging of the two national associations in 1955. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is an autonomous organization of the U.S. government. It was made under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 or the Wagner Act and was corrected by the demonstrations of 1947 or the Taft-Harley Labor Act and 1949 or the Landrum-Griffin Act. The board confirmed the privileges of the work to sort out and deal aggregately through delegates they picked or to abstain from such exercises. The board which is made out of five individuals is helped by 33 local chiefs. The individuals are selected by the U.S. President with the endorsement of the Senate for five-year terms. The best possible dealing units are resolved, the races for association portrayal are led, and the charges of unreasonable work rehearses by managers are explored by the board. Compulsion, obstruction, or limitation in labor’s self-authoritative rights is remembered for the out of line rehearses (Villanueva Siasoco). An exploration study uncovered that the joint effort of an association, (for example, network associations) and a trade guild is an impulse for change. For instance, the worker's guilds and network associations in Greater Boston, which have cooperated as of late, have accomplished noteworthy victories. A portion of their triumphs incorporate the death of a Boston living compensation law, an expansion in the lowest pay permitted by law in Massachusetts, improvement in association contracts and in working environment conditions, an earned annual assessment credit on state personal expenses, $6 million state work preparing program for 1, 500 laborers, and various dynamic duty approaches which remembers another expense for capital increases. These noteworthy accomplishments in Boston are resounded all through the nation. This is showed by the nonstop arrangement of collusions by network associations with the composed work. Once more, these partnerships are framed to handle issues that influence the lives of the low-wage laborers. The Service Employees International Union, which is known for its effective Justice for Janitors crusades, is one of the associations that arrange low-wage laborers. The Hotel Employees and Restaurant Union is likewise a low compensation laborers association. These associations are remembered for the most energetic and quickest developing associations in the nation. The joint effort of worker's organizations and network associations is truly required for the accomplishment of long haul objectives of financial and social equity. The requirement for the coordinated effort is being escalated by the adjustments in the national economy in the course of the most recent couple of decades. One the progressions that powers for a coordinated effort of worker's organizations and network associations is the moving of the economy from more lucrative assembling occupations to bring down paying employments in the administration part. Likewise, the open arrangement endeavors for the advancement of the government assistance of working families by and large are being widened by the work development. The national AFL-CIO, under the new initiative since 1995, has dedicated expanded assets to advocate arrangements. These strategies incorporate the widespread social insurance inclusion which is proposed to profit all American who are working (not just the individuals who are individuals from associations) and the raising of the government the lowest pay permitted by law. One of the effects of worker's guilds in strategies is the declaration of help of reprieve for undocumented migrants by the AFL-CIO in February, 2000. What's more, the AFl-CIO additionally assumed a significant job in sorting out, arranging, and supporting the Immigrant Workers Freedom Ride of 2003. This ride is an across the country exertion which intends to raise the perceivability of the issues of the settler laborers (Ranghelli 4). Then again, the effect of changes on workers is the reduction in the acquisition of work by managers in view of the higher wages won by associations. The accomplishment in stating for higher wages and better working conditions likewise diminished the quantity of occupations accessible (Reynolds). Are associations still important in the U.S.? The inquiry â€Å"Are associations still pertinent in the U.S.?† doesn't require any longer time to consider. Associations are completely important in the U.S. Thinking about the monetary circumstance today, wherein the pattern is to move from more lucrative occupations to bring down paying employments, to utilize a larger number of machines than work power, and to utilize contractualization, the abuse of the work part turns out to be progressively extreme. In this manner, associations assume an essential job in accomplishing financial and social equity. Considering the sentiments raised by Reynolds, it is shallow to state that the worker's guilds are the anticompetitive power in the work markets. It is harsh to consider laborers just sources of info that are should have been bought all together for a procedure, for example, creation or assembling to emerge. It is in this reasoning where the misuse of the laborers’ rights emerges. As to and decisions, association officials are chosen dependent on the guidelines built up by the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (LMRDA). Officials in the nearby associations are chosen through mystery balloting. Then again, officials of the national and universal associations are chosen either by mystery balloting of the individuals or by delegates who are picked by the mystery polling form. The appointment of the officials of the national and universal associations is held no less than like clockwork. For the middle of the road bodies, the appointment of officials is held no less than like clockwork and for the neighborhood associations, appointment of officials is held somewhere around like clockwork. The assets of an association might be utilized in leading a political decision. Additionally, it is a possibility for the businesses and associations to utilize their assets in advancing the appointment of any applicant (http://www.dol.gov/consistence/points/associations elections.htm). Aggregate haggling alludes to the arrangements between a business and a gathering of representatives. Arrangements are done with the goal that the states of work would be resolved. The consequence of the strategies of the aggregate bartering is called aggregate understanding. Association or other work associations speak to the representatives in bartering. Government and state legal laws, legal choices, and regulatory organization guidelines administer aggregate dealing. Discretion alludes to the technique for contest goals. This strategy is utilized as an option in contrast to case. Intervention is generally used to determine debates among managers and workers during an aggregate dealing (http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/Collective_bargaining#collective_bargaining_and_labor_arbitration:_an_overview). For the most part, strike is the final hotel taken by laborers in tending to their complaints. Holding mass pickets is the best method to include all strikers. In spite of the fact that strikes may mean decline in wages or excusal from work, accomplishment in such solidarity activities is adequately accomplished through picketing the work environments of the laborers (http://libcom.org/sort out/manual for making strike-move). The previously mentioned ideas bolster the appropriate response that associations are as yet significant in the U.S. For instance, the assets of associations are essential during a political race in light of the fact that might be utilized to advance the office of a specific competitor who, when chosen, must address the worries of the laborers as well as the families in genera

Indie Press Round-Up June 2019 New Releases and More

Indie Press Round-Up June 2019 New Releases and More This months round-up of small and independent press books is here! I have done a lot of great reading over the last month, including novels, memoirs, and essay collections. I have books from Korea, Denmark, Mexico, Japan, Canada, and the U.S. on my list, including four books in translation, two books by Native writers, and one satirical novel about MFA programs. I hope this helps you find some new books you love! Loudermilk: Or the Real Poet; Or, the origin of the World by Lucy Ives (Soft Skull, May 7) Loudermilk  is a campus novel a genre I love about a prestigious MFA program in Iowa (clearly based on the Iowa Writers Workshop although its not named exactly). Troy Loudermilk has been accepted into the poetry program and is ready to begin. The problem is that he has never written a poem in his life. As it turns out, Loudermilks close friend Harry wrote the poems in his application and will accompany him to Iowa to write poems for him there. The novel is sharply satirical and laugh-out-loud funny. Loudermilk is a ridiculous character, in the best way: the famous Iowa workshop is not at all prepared for him. This is a fast-paced, entertaining read, but also one that has a lot to say about poetry, the university, and the endeavor of teaching creative writing. The Ten Loves of Nishino by Hiromi Kawakami, Translated by Allison Markin Powell (Europa Editions, June 4) This is sort of a novel, sort of a collection of closely-linked stories, held together by the mysterious figure of Nishino who appears in each chapter. It tells the stories of ten women who have fallen in love with Nishino, or at least were involved romantically or sexually with him at some point in their lives. We get brief but telling glimpses into their lives and into the life of Nishino, glimpses that slowly build into a complex portrait of one man and the women he knew. Its the kind of book that reads easily and quickly but then surprises you with its depth of insight and emotion. Its the perfect book for anyone who wants to ponder relationships, love, sex, and the way stories shape our lives. Among the Lost  by Emiliano Monge, Translated by Frank Wynne (Scribe US, June 4) This is one of the darkest books I have ever read, and one of the most powerful. It takes place in an unnamed country that we know is Mexico and tells the story of two human traffickers. They are terrible people who do terrible things, but we also see how they have been victimized by other terrible people, and while its impossible to sympathize with them, its possible to understand why they are the way they are. The story covers one day as the protagonists try to move their victims across a harsh but gorgeously-evoked landscape. The writing in this novel is exquisite. Monge explicitly invokes Dante and includes quotations and paraphrases from the  Divine Comedy. He also includes the words of real-life Central American migrants. This novel is an emotionally-wrenching experience and also essential reading for those who want to think deeply about migration and human rights. Mamaskatch: A Cree Coming of Age by Darrel J. McLeod (Milkweed Editions, June 11) Mamaskatch is a memoir about Darrel McLeods boyhood and young adulthood in Alberta, Canada. He is a member of the Cree tribe and feels a strong sense of connection to his culture and family. But his childhood is a difficult one, as he loses his father at a young age and his mother struggles with poverty and alcoholism. His siblings are in and out of foster care, and he often finds himself responsible for them even though he is still a child himself. He suffers sexual abuse at the hands of his brother-in-law. We learn about mistreatment his mother and aunts experienced from members of the Catholic church. Its a difficult story, but McLeod tells it movingly and beautifully. Its a dark book, but a hopeful one too, as McLeod finds ways of understanding and coming to terms with his complicated life. The Skin is the Elastic Covering that Encases the Entire Body by Bjørn Rasmussen, Translated by Martin Aitken (Two Lines Press, June 11) This book is complicated, disturbing, transgressive, extremely sexually explicit, and clearly not for everyone, but it is also fresh, daring, and gorgeous. The narrator is Bjørn, a teenager in Denmark caught up in a sexual relationship with his older riding instructor. He writes about obsession and sex and also his fraught relationship with his mother, his brothers, and the animals on their farm. Mostly its an exploration of Bjørns internal world what he thinks and feels and what its like to be in his skin. Its told in a fragmented, stream-of-consciousness style, so we really get into the narrators mind and live there. Its a short book at barely over 100 pages, but it packs so much life into every part. Its darkly beautiful and fearless. Shapes of Native Nonfiction: Collected Essays by Contemporary Writers,  Edited by Elissa Washuta and Theresa Warburton (University of Washington Press, June 23) I love essay collections, and those that in some way address the essay form itself are my favorite. This collection of essays by contemporary Native writers begins with a discussion of traditions of Native writing and then sets forth its own purpose: to collect pieces that stretch the boundaries of what an essay can do and explore Native experiences in innovative and and formally-daring ways. There is tremendous variety on offer here, both in terms of subject and tone. The collection is organized using basket weaving as its central concept: the sections each connect a basket weaving technique coiling, plaiting, and twining to a method of structuring an essay. Contributors include Stephen Graham Jones, Deborah Miranda, Terese Marie Mailhot, and more. Blood Sisters by Kim Yideum, Translated by Jiyoon Lee (Deep Vellum, June 25) Blood Sisters is a novel about Jeong Yeoul, a young woman trying to get by as she mostly fails at college, is estranged from her parents, and rootlessly moves from place to place. The novel takes place in 1980s Korea, where there is a constant undercurrent of political unrest. Friends encourage Yeoul to find a political purpose for her life, but she resists. She seeks escape in the world of art, but even there she finds disappointment. She and her friends are faced with sexual violence, as they try to make their way through a conservative, patriarchal environment. Its a powerful novel, one that stays close to Yeouls thoughts and feelings and takes the reader to some dark places. She is a memorable narrator: honest and intense in her search for self-understanding and a way to exist in the world. Finally, here are some June 2019 new releases that are going on my TBR: Mostly Dead Things by Kristen Arnett (Tin House Books, June 4): a woman takes over the family taxidermy business while dealing with grief and loss after her fathers death. Time is the Thing a Body Moves Through by T Fleischmann (Coffee House Press, June 4): an autobiographical narrative about art, loss, sexuality, and the body. This Wicked Tongue by Elise Levine (Biblioasis, June 25): a short story collection in the vein of Joy Williams and Karen Russell that explores the depths of its characters psyches. 100 Times: A Memoir of Sexism by Chavisa Woods (Seven Stories Press, June 25): an autobiographical account of 100 encounters with sexual discrimination and violence. If youre looking for more great small and independent press books, check out my round-ups from April and May.

Reflection on Nursing Handover - 2240 Words

REFLECTION on Nursing Handover I have decided to reflect upon the first time I did a nursing handover. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2004) Code of professional conduct, confidentiality shall be maintained and the patient’s name is changed to protect indentity. Reflective writing is considered a key component of portfolio assessment because it provides evidence of skills development and increasing clinical competence (Smith 2005). What is reflection? Reflection is defined by Wilkinson (1996) as an active process whereby the professional gains an understanding of how historical, social, cultural, cognitive and personal experiences have contributed to professional knowledge and practice. Reflective practice can take†¦show more content†¦Even though I had been caring for this lady for the duration of my shift I was unprepared to give the next shift a handover. I assumed my mentor would do it since she had been doing it on all my previous shifts. However, on this occasion my mentor said to do it at the end of her last handover. I listened to her giving the handover for her patients then when it was my turn, I panicked and muffled up my information. I started with basic information about the patient such as name, date of birth , age and the reason for her admission. Unfortunately, I became flustered after that and it was clear to both my mentor and the other nurse that I was out of my depth and needed help. My mentor then took over and continued the handover. I therefore decided an action plan to develop my nursing knowledge in this area. I looked at various websites and nursing journals detailing how to give effective handovers. I also used advice that I found in the nursing journals and from my mentor to plan out how I would deliver my handovers. The nursing handover was defined in 1969 by Clair and Thrussel as the oral communication of pertinent information about patients. This was supported by Thurgood in 1995 who adopted the view that patient centred care is central to any definition of handover and that it is its primary function. FEELINGS Whilst performing my handover, I was more concerned with trying to remember all the information about Mrs V that I wantedShow MoreRelatedReflection Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesa good nursing documentation is an integral part of nursing. It will also demonstrate how reflection enabled me to make sense of and learn from this experience, as well as identify any further learning developments needed to improve my practice and achieve the level of competency needed for when I qualify as an assistant practitioner. While discussing the knowledge underpinning practice, evidence based literature will be reviewed to support my discussion and for the purpose of reflection the essayRead MoreReflective Analysis Of My Personal And Professional Development1518 Words   |  7 Pagesof my knowledge, skills, attitudes, showing how one aspect of my training has developed over year two of my nursing degree. It shall focus on communication, by using the nursing handover as an example. A handover can be described as a communication that results in a transfer of information and responsibility for a patient (Tregunno, 2009). I recognised in my first communication reflection in year one that it is a complicated and sometimes difficult activity, that requires the use of active listeningRead MoreReflection on Video Vignette Pregnant Stroke1011 Words   |  5 Pagescommunication prior to and after observing the video ‘Handover’ relating to ‘Pregnant stroke’; scenario-based videos. In particular, my focus is to relate the techniques utilized in the video for therapeutically communicating with the client with construction and enhancement of my personal skills of therapeutic communication, through analyzation and reflection. The video initiated as the paramedic staff informed the client, Sally that he was going to handover the related information to the nurse. It progressedRead MoreThe Registered Nurse Should Access And Analyse The Best Available Evidence Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pages Standard 1.1 outlines that the registered nurse should access and analyse the best available evidence which includes research to ensure they provides safe and quality practice (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2016). This was absent in scenario one as a result of a fast verbal medical handover Mary to Nicole. There was no guidance as to which patient was being discussed, and no time to write down all the important medical information required about her patients (Edith Cowan UniversityRead MoreInterprofessional Communication in Healthcare910 Words   |  4 PagesReflection on the Handover Video Vignette The issue of inter-professional communication is a critical aspect of contemporary healthcare to enhance team communication and collaboration; its unique principle is the ability of building mutual trust, understanding and support in healthcare environment (Portsmouth, Coyle amp; Trede, 2012). More importantly, it ensures patient’s intensive care and outcomes effectively. In this reflective essay, by approaching the 5Rs framework for reflection,Read MoreReflection On Mental Health802 Words   |  4 PagesIn my opinion, mental illness is also called psychiatric disorder, which affects an individual’s way of thinking, behaving and perceiving, and interacting with other people. Upon reflection, I felt that my anxiety was largely due to my negative preconceptions about mental illness especially my belief that mentally ill people are violent, unpredictable, and dangerous. These views were not only a result of a lack of knowledge about mental illness but also due to t he impact of negative media and culturalRead MoreCommunication Among The Health Care Professionals1855 Words   |  8 PagesAustralian healthcare system.One of the most important roles inside a care facility such as hospital are the nurses caring for the patient. This past years, nursing care being render has been continually developing new accepted standards through evidence base practice which guide nurses in their practice.Furthermore, nurses are encourage to do a reflection to re-evaluate the experience and learn from it.In relation to my experience on this placement , I have written down predetermined learning goals whichRead MoreImproving The Right Patient Care1467 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Ensuring the right patient care to the correct patient is an essential, every day part of nursing care (Dhatt, Damir, Matarelli, Sankaranarayanan, James, 2011). Failure to follow out correct procedure-patient matching may lead to incorrect interventions or treatments being performed on the wrong person (Zipperer, 2014). Unfortunately, this can sometime result in negative effects on patient outcomes, or even sentinel events (Zipperer, 2014). According to the Australian Commission onRead MoreMy Reflections On A Clinical Incident3570 Words   |  15 Pagesreminded about key professional/practice issues throughout their nursing course. One of these issues is handover as a form of commination between nurses and other health care providers and sometimes with the patients placed under their care. Healthcare professional are thus encouraged to communicate effectively during handover as this a direct bearing on the promotion of patient safety. In this assignment I will employ my reflections on a clinical incident (see Appendix I) that occurred within aRead MoreMedication Error Vs. Standard 1 Of Nursing Practice1758 Words   |  8 PagesMedication Error in relation to standard 1 of nursing practice Introduction The words medication error elicit fear in every nurse. According to Stefanacci and Riddle (2016), preventable medication errors are responsible for third reason of death apart from heart disease and cancer in the United States. As a nurse, it is important to obtain skills and knowledge to prevent them as these errors could result in extended hospitalisation of patients, simultaneously a burden of health care cost. These errors

The Alcoholics Anonymous 12 Step Recovery Program Guide...

Running head: 12-Step Meeting Reaction Paper 12-Step Meeting Reaction Paper Carissa Hardy ADRE 6703 Abstract The Alcoholics Anonymous 12-Step recovery program guides alcoholics through a series of behavioral, emotional, cognitive, spiritual and social actions towards sobriety and wellness. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, excessive drinking has lead to approximately 88,000 deaths in the United States each year and accounts for 1 in 10 deaths in working age adults, aged 20-64. Alcoholics Anonymous, a spiritual fellowship of men and women focused on a common goal of stopping drinking, has helped over 2 million people get sober and stay sober. The 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous are designed to promote†¦show more content†¦I also enjoyed the prayer at the end. I didn’t like when everyone had to admit aloud that they were alcoholic (I get that it’s part of the 12 steps but it seemed like they had already admitted it to themselves because they were there). I did like that the meeting was held in a church. The atmosphere was relaxed, calm and no n judgmental. Even in a room full of what could’ve been total first timers or strangers, they had an amazing and supportive energy that just filled the room. I loved watching the people connect, grow, and heal over a tragedy that took over their life. It was also amazing and empowering to see them make the step to give themselves and the people they love a better future. I feel the 12-Step program is successful because others who can empathize, offer advice, and understand exactly what the other is going through are there for support and encouragement. By the time you decide to enter the meeting you are usually self-aware that there is a problem and you want to help yourself; to me that can and will make all the difference in determining your success in the program. I really like that 12-Step Programs are faith based, I think believing in something bigger than yourself is crucial to the process. I also like that its catered to a lifestyle change overall, not just one singular change like to stop drinking but changing the way you live yourShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Organization : Alcoholics Anonymous ( A.a )1691 Words   |  7 PagesOrganization Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio, and is a spiritual based organization with the sole purpose â€Å"to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety† threw fellowship. Alcoholic Anonymous (A.A.) foundation is built on a 12 step program that involves taking 12 step that will guarantee your sobriety (according to A.A.) because you start the 12 steps but you never end, it is designed for you to consistently work the 12 steps for theRead MoreThe And Its Effects On The Community844 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion playing a major role in recovery is, in many ways, universal in its prevalence in established forms of recovery. For example, step two of the 12-step programs states that you must â€Å"come to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity† (Alcoholics Anonymous). This idea that addicts must devote their lives to a being greater than their own symbolizes that they are not in control of their actions. They must look to a greater being to guide them away from their sinful pathsRead MoreAn Anonymous Group For My Understanding Group Dynamics Project1492 Words   |  6 Pages I chose to visit an Alcoholics Anonymous group for my Understanding Group Dynamics project. I went on March 20th 2016, to an open discussion group titled Pass it On Group for Beginners that are Living Sober. It was held at the First Congregational Church at 14 Brookside Road in Darien, CT 06854 at 6:15 p.m.. I chose to go to this group as I felt it was a group that I could most strongly connect to, as I am a recovering alcoholic. I have been cold turkey for two years now. I choose to live a soberRead MoreMy Critique Of Yoga And The Clinical World Of Counseling1633 Words   |  7 Pagesarticles for Yoga Journal and yoga instructor Annalisa Cunningham who has also written Healing Addiction with Yoga. Both clearly believe and have witnessed firsthand the benefits that yoga can contri bute to addiction recovery. The article explains that a yoga practice will help the recovery process on two fronts. A yoga practice will help the physical body by helping it rid itself of the physical impurities that have built up over time through the ingestion of substances such as alcohol and variousRead MoreCounseling For Alcohol And Drug Abuse1679 Words   |  7 Pagesentering into recovery or actively in recovery, the clinician must take their time with introducing the 12 Steps. The individual may not be open to the 12 Step philosophies at the onset. Addiction is very complex and actively affects the person on a daily basis; therefore, it is so important to start from the beginning of counseling to create a structured program. Alcoholics Anonymous has given a wonderful platform of structure for the addicted ones to create a safe, solid, 12 Step guideline toRead MoreSocial Work Observation Paper974 Words   |  4 Pagesturns reading from the introduction guide to N.A. Power and control are the next stages, once members decide they are invested in the group, there is a shift that focuses on autonomy, power, and control (Hepworth et al., 2017, 2013). I did not observe a shift in autonomy, power, and the need to take control. The facilitator shares similar struggles, and the group demonstrated respect, support, and listening as they all identify themselves as an addict in recovery. Intimacy is about connecting andRead MoreCultural Sensitivity And Social Sensitivity801 Words   |  4 Pages the dominant culture established for N.A. is of faith based which focuses on the twelve-steps for recovery, and hope. The culture is also built upon the twelve traditions of NA; unity, loving god, desiring to stop using, autonomy, carrying out the message to the addict who still suffers, financially self supporting, group built by addicts for addicts, anonymity (An Introductory Guide to Narcotics Anonymous, 1991). Raul shares that the message of N.A. is the same for all different cultures i.eRead MoreThe Importance Of A Counseling Student Studying Chemical Dependency957 Words   |  4 Pagescounseling student studying chemical dependency, I was assigned to attend two 12-step meetings to better understand the 12-step process. I attended two Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings at the Episcopal Church in Starkville; MS. AA is a worldwide fellowship of alcoholic men and women who are banded together to solve their common problems and to help fellow sufferers in recovery from alcoholism. These particular Alcoholics Anonymous meeting opened with a serenity prayer, a reading of the AA preamble, aRead MoreEssay on Alcoholics Anonymous: 12-Step Program2169 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is the largest and most commonly known self-help group in the world. Since the creation of AA in 1935, there have been many programs modeled after it, which are also based on the 12-Step Program. Some of these include Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Chemically Dependent Anonymous, as well as programs for specific drugs, such as Cocaine Anonymous (CA) and Crystal Meth Anonymous (NIDA, 2012). Attendance and participation for self-help groups are open for anyone to attendRead MoreCounseling For Alcohol And Drug Abuse2108 Words   |  9 Pagesentering into recovery or actively in recovery, the clinician must take their time with introducing the 12 Steps. T he individual may not be open to the 12 Step philosophies at the onset. Addiction is very complex and actively affects the person on a daily basis; therefore, it is so important to start from the beginning of counseling to create a structured program. Alcoholics Anonymous has given a wonderful platform of structure for the addicted ones to create a safe, solid, 12 Step guideline to

Round-Trip Copper Reactions Lab Report Free Essays

AP Chemistry 12/13/11 Round-Trip Copper Reactions Lab The purpose of this lab was to evaluate our skills of decanting a supernatant liquid without losing the solid and successful completion of a series of reactions. This was done through five chemical reactions involving copper. In this lab, elemental copper was put through five different chemical reactions in order to convert it into different compounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Round-Trip Copper Reactions Lab Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now By the end of the fifth reaction, the copper was back to its elemental state. In the first reaction, 0. 95 g of pure copper was reacted with 4. 0 mL of concentrated nitric acid under the fume hood. The solution was swirled until all of the copper had dissolved. The balanced equation for this reaction is as follows: Cu (s) + 4HNO3 (aq) a Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) When the nitric acid came into contact with the solid copper, a brown gas was immediately released into the fume hood. This brown gas was nitrogen dioxide as the balanced equation above shows. As the copper dissolved, the solution slowly turned blue because of the copper ions. In the second reaction, distilled water was added to the copper (II) nitrate solution until the beaker was half full. Then, 30 mL of 3. M sodium hydroxide was added to the solution. The balanced equation for this reaction is as follows: Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) a Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq) When sodium hydroxide was added to the copper (II) nitrate solution, a bright blue gel-like precipitate was formed instantly. This precipitate was copper (II) hydroxide. The precipitate was blue because of the copper ions. In the third reaction, the c opper (II) hydroxide solution was heated above a Bunsen burner. Continual stirring was required to reduce the â€Å"bumping†, or formation of bubbles that release gas very quickly that have the potential to cause injury. The balanced equation for this reaction is as follows: Cu(OH)2 (s) a CuO (s) + H2O (l) When the solution was heated, the bright blue precipitate slowly began to darken, at first by showing flakes of black, then eventually turning completely black. This is due to the copper reacting with oxygen, or oxidizing. The black precipitate was allowed to settle and then the supernatant, the clear liquid that lies above a precipitate, was decanted, or poured carefully off. Then, 200 mL of hot distilled water was added and the precipitate was allowed to settle to repeat the decanting process again. In the fourth reaction, 15 mL of 6. 0 M sulfuric acid was added to the copper (II) oxide while stirring. The balanced equation for this reaction is as follows: CuO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) a CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + SO2 (g) When the sulfuric acid was added to copper (II) oxide, the solution turned blue. This was due to the formation of aqueous copper (II) sulfate, which produced the copper ions to change the color of the solution. In the fifth reaction, 2. 29 g of zinc was added to the copper (II) sulfate solution under the fume hood. The balanced equation for this reaction is written as followed: Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) a ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) When the zinc was added to the copper (II) sulfate solution, the solution started to bubble. As the solution was stirred, it turned a cloudy blue. Small flecks of a brown solid were visible. As the solution became colorless, the brown solid settled to the bottom of the beaker. The solid formed was copper in its elemental state. The color faded from the solution as the copper ions slowly formed into solid copper. The copper was poured into a funnel with filter paper and washed three times with 25 mL of distilled water and ethanol. In order to dry the copper, it was placed on a watch glass weighing 29. 91 g over a beaker half full of water on a hot plate. One the copper appeared to be dry, the beaker was removed from the hot plate and allowed to cool. The copper was massed on the watch glass and was recorded as 30. 79 g. This was left to sit overnight and was massed again the next and recorded as 30. 77 g. By subtracting the mass of the watch glass from the final mass of the copper and watch glass, the mass of the copper was obtained and recorded as 0. 86 g. In conclusion, the percent yield of copper from the original copper was calculated to be 90. % by the formula: actual x 100 = percent yield theoretical 0. 86 g x 100 = 90. 5% 0. 95 g In theory, the amount of copper at the end of the lab should have been the same amount that was started out with. Due to decanting and changing containers, some of the mass was lost. The calculated percent yield above is fairly accurate considering that some of the mass was los t during decanting and transferring the copper from the filter paper onto the watch glass. How to cite Round-Trip Copper Reactions Lab Report, Papers

Gun Control and Crime Rates A Comparative Study free essay sample

Gun control has been an issue in the United States of America since its founding in 1776. After all, the first shots that were fired in the Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord were an effort by the American colonists to keep the British army from taking the guns from the colonial armory. Even after gaining freedom from British control, the American people were obviously still concerned about their rights to own guns. This can be seen in the 2nd Amendment to the Constitution which says â€Å" the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. † Owning guns has been a staple of the conservative portion of America. More recently however, many have been clamoring for more restrictive gun laws. These calls for increased regulation on guns have been from those who perceive guns and gun-owners as potential threats to peace. The pro-gun crowd responds by emphatically stating that they have a right to own guns. With every mass shooting and tragedy that occurs both sides get louder and louder. The debate rages on and on. It is important to ask several questions in this debate. Does gun ownership deter crime or increase crime? Do states with a higher gun-ownership rate have a lower crime-rate or is it the opposite? Do gun control law have an affect on crime rates? If so, how long does it take a gun control law to affect the rate of crime? This article aims to answer those questions. The ultimate purpose of this article is to prove that states with looser gun control laws have a lower crime rate and violent crime rate than those with more restrictive gun control laws. A second purpose of this paper is to look at the theory of why this may be the case. The theory that is being proposed herein, is that states who make it easier for people to own guns legally are states with lower crime rates. To put it simply, the more law-abiding citizens with guns, the less crime that occurs. Literature Review Before quoting stats and citing numbers it is essential to look at what both sides are saying about the current gun-control controversy. It is impossible to get an accurate look at this debate without fairly considering both sides. There have been an inordinate amount of gun related articles published in the last decade or so. That being said its not hard to distinguish the two side in this debate. On one side there are the traditional conservatives who are in favor of little to no gun-control. On the other side are those who favor a stricter gun control policy. Let us first consider those who speak in favor of additional gun-control laws. The predominant theory among those who hold this point of view is that more guns equals more violence. Consider what Fareed Zakaria had to say in his article entitled â€Å"The Case For Gun Control. † â€Å"Gun violence in America is off the chart compared with every other country on the planet. † Zakaria says. He goes on to compare the United States to a few other countries and then finishes the paragraph by stating â€Å" We have many, many more guns. † Zakaria is not the only person that holds these sentiments. U. S Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) has had harsh words for assault weapons in the past. Recently, in an interview with the New York times she said â€Å"How many assault weapons do you need circulating? To have these mass killings is such a blight on everything that America stands for. † By â€Å"mass killings† Feinstein is referring to recent tragedies such as the Newtown, CT, shooting which claimed the lives of twenty-six and the Aurora, CO, shooting which claimed twelve. Those who favor tighten gun control point to these examples as proof that more guns makes for more violence and death. Many of them also argue that it is possible for these murderers to go on these deadly rampages because it is too easy for them to get their hands on high-powered guns. Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) said in an article in the Junior Scholastic Journal that, â€Å"Its too easy for criminals, the mentally unstable, and even terrorists to buy dangerous weapons. † He went on to advocate tighter controls on prospective gun-buyers and more thorough background checks. He concluded by saying â€Å"People shouldnt have to live in fear of guns. Thats why I want to make it harder for dangerous people to get hold of them. † Many of those who advocate for more gun-control are not actively trying to restrict the rights of the people. Oftentimes they are just trying to do what they think is best for the nation and the people as a whole. The other side of the aisle have arguments that are equally strong. One of the most cited studies used to combat further gun control is a book written in 1997 by John Lott entitled â€Å"More Guns, Less Crime. † Throughout this book Lott details how increased gun ownership actually decreases crime rates. He starts by giving examples of how gun-owners used concealed handguns to deter criminals from potentially harming them or their families. He goes on to explain that if criminals know that there may be a cost involved with an attempted crime, then the criminal is much less likely to engage in that criminal activity. Several other conservative authors have further extrapolated Lotts study and agreed with his analysis. As of late, many conservative authors, scholars and columnists have spoken out against increased gun control laws that have resulted because of mass shootings. Erich Pratt, a columnist for U. S News and World Report had this to say, â€Å"The president and members of Congress are pouncing on the recent shooting in Connecticut and are trying to exploit it for political gain. Sadly, if they get their way, we will see even more of these horrific tragedies. † He goes on to explain that most of the shootings that have happened have taken place in â€Å"gun-free zones. † He points out that criminals who want to break the law do not care about signs that tell them that they cannot have guns in a specified areas. The only people who are restricted are law-abiding citizens. He then goes on to give examples of people who stopped potential mass shootings with weapons of their own. Wayne LaPierre, CEO of the National Rifle Association echoes Pratt. â€Å"Gun-control laws have never, and can never, reduce violent crime. â€Å"Thats because anti-gun laws dont affect criminals, who ignore all laws. Government studies prove it, finding that most criminals get guns through theft or the black market, where gun laws have no effect† says Lapierre in an article published in the New York Times Upfront. The conservative right seems to be quite united in their stand against more gun control. Beyond the rhetoric that both sides hurl at each other, there have been several great studies that have been conducted on the subject of gun control and crime. Specifically, there are two studies, one by the University of Harvard, called Would Banning Firearms Reduce Murder and Suicide? Another poll conducted by Quinnipiac University, called â€Å"Background Checks Could Lead To Gun Confiscation, Many Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll; But 91 Percent Want Universal Gun Checks. † The study produced by Harvard, which was published in the Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, is actually a European study that compares several different countries and their varying levels of gun control. After analyzing the gun laws in each country the study takes a look at the crime-rate in each country. The study looks at a total of eighteen countries. The results were interesting. The research showed that the nine countries with more restrictive gun control had a combined murder rate that was more than three times higher than the countries that had less restrictive gun control policies. The studys authors write, â€Å"If the mantra more guns equal more death and fewer guns equal less death were true, broad cross-national comparisons should show that nations with higher gun ownership per capita consistently have more death. Nations with higher gun ownership rates, however, do not have higher murder or suicide rates than those with lower gun ownership. Indeed many high gun ownership nations have much lower murder rates. † The poll that was conducted by Quinnipiac University is a little different. Qunnipiac sent out several questions regarding gun control and various laws that could be passed or bans that could be introduced. The poll shows that most Americans favor stricter gun control. Specifically, the results show that 91% of Americans favor universal background checks before purchasing guns of any type. This is interesting considering that recently, American voters said, by a margin of 48%-38% (with the rate among gun owners sitting a a much higher 53%-34%), that the government could use extensive background checks to repossess legally owned and acquired guns. Still, the study shows that Americans do generally support more restrictive gun control, including a ban on high capacity magazines and a ban on all assault weapons. Data And Methods Before numbers can be accurately looked at, it is important to define the terms that will be used. When defining gun control The Brady Campaign is one of the most accurate measures of gun control by state. Every year The Brady Campaign gives every state a scorecard. The scale on the scorecard is 0-100. Zero being the least restrictive gun control measures and one hundred being the most restrictive. Points can be scored in several different categories. The categories are: gun dealer regulations, record retention, crime gun identification, owner must report lost/stolen guns, background checks, permit to purchase, ammunition regulation, assault weapons ban, large capacity magazine ban, child safety, guns in public places and local control, CCW discretion, no state preemption, and finally, a limit on bulk purchases. These will be the categories that will be considered when comparing the levels of different states gun control policies. Another set of terms that must be defined and operationalized is crime-rate. This study will compare not only the overall crime-rate of each of the states, but also the violent crime-rate. These statistics will pulled from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The FBI takes these statistics every year and publishes them for the public to see. The FBI uses the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR) to obtain their information on crime. The UCR is a collection of over 18,000 different city, university/college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies all voluntarily reporting crime to the program. Crime information can be submitted either to the state branch of UCR or to the federal UCR. In this particular study statistics from the year 2010 will be used. Lastly, population must be defined. In this study the population of each state will be the population that was measured in 2010 by the United States Census Bureau. This is to be consistent with the crime-rate statistics, which, as has already been mentioned, are the numbers from 2010. Also, 2010 is the most recent country-wide census that has been conducted by the government. Research Design A total of six states will be compared in this study. The states will be divided up into three different side-by-side comparisons. The states that will be studied are: Indiana, Illinois, New Jersey, Delaware, Texas and California. Indiana will be compared to Illinois, New Jersey to Delaware and California to Texas. These states were chosen and pair together for three main reasons. First, the gun control laws of the states in each comparison are very different. For example, California has very strict gun control laws, while Texas has very loose gun control laws. Second, geographical proximity. Illinois and Indiana are neighbors in the Mid-West. New Jersey and Delaware border each other on the East Coast and California and Texas are relatively close in the West. Texas and California also both share a border with Mexico which could factor into the crime-rate. Finally, varying sizes, location, population and laws. In order for this study to be as accurate as possible states of different size, geographical location, total population and specific laws must be measured. For example, Illinois has moderate gun control laws, but they are not nearly as restrictive as Californias, at the same time they are not nearly as loose as Indianas. The geography has been explained, but to further the point, different areas of the United States have different sub-cultures, by looking at several different states we can see how gun control works in these different sub-cultures. Also, the variable of population comes into play. Each of these states has a different level of population and population density. Again, by looking at varying levels of population we can see how different levels of gun control affect each state. Obviously states with a much higher population will have more total crimes simply for the fact that it has more people. This will be controlled by measuring the average number of crimes committed per 100,000 persons. The varying levels of gun control laws that these states have will be compared and analyzed. Then, the crime-rates and violent crime-rates will be compared and analyzed. The study will be testing to see if there is any correlation between the individual states gun laws and its crime rate. A second item that will be considered is the effect that gun control laws have had in the states. The crime rate in each state will be measured and compared for the last ten years the states that have more gun laws this is to see if the gun control legislation has any measurable affect on the state crime-rate. For states that have very loose gun control laws this is done to see if crime was trending down anyway. Main Body (Research) First, lets consider the levels of gun control laws in each of the states that will be compared. The study specifically chose six states that did not have a zero according to The Brady Campaign. Below is visual representation of each states gun control score according to The Brady Campaign. As can be seen Indiana has a score of 4, which is being compared to Illinois score of 35. Delaware has a 13 which is being compared to New Jerseys 72. Finally, California comes in with a nation-high score of 81 which is being compared to Texas score of only 4. Referring to the different categories that are scored on pages 5 and 6. Both California and New Jersey score at least some points in all categories, Illinois scores in about half of the categories. While Indiana, Texas and Delaware only score in the two most basic categories; Gun Dealer Registration, and Guns In Public Places and Local Control categories. Now that the level of gun control in each state is known, we can now begin the side-by side comparisons. First, lets consider the small states, New Jersey and Delaware. In 2010 Delaware had a population of 897,934 according to the U. S Census Bureau. That same year Delaware reported an overall crime-rate of 4,077. 2 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime rate of 620. 9 crimes per 100,000 people. Remember that Delaware had the relatively low score of 13 according to The Brady Campaign. In 2010 New Jersey reported a total population of 8,791,894. That same year New Jersey reported an overall crime rate of 2387.6 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime rate of 307. 7 crimes per 100,000 persons. Again, remember that New Jersey had the high score of 72 on The Brady Campaign scorecard. Another factor that should be taken into account is the fact that New Jersey has a much higher population than Delaware. This reduces the affect that each crime has on the rate per 100,000. Delaware has a much smaller population, so each crime has a significantly higher affect on the crime-rate per 100,000 inhabitants. If you were to look at the number of crimes committed you would see that Delaware reported just 36,686 total crimes compared to New Jerseys  210,097. Again this is because of the population difference, but since Delawares total population is so small compared to New Jerseys it was important to note. It is also important to note that New Jersey has a much higher percentage of its population in a metropolitan area than Delaware does. In fact, the FBI reported that, technically, 100% of New Jerseys population resides in a metropolitan area. Below is a visual representation of the trend of the violent crime-rate per 100,000 persons in both New Jersey and Delaware over the last ten years. Now lets take a look at the second side-by-side comparison. The more medium-sized, mid-western states Indiana and Illinois. In 2010 Indiana had a population of 6,483,802 people according to the U. S Census Bureau. That same year Indiana reported an overall crime-rate of 3,393. 5 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime-rate of 323. 3 crimes per 100,000 persons. Also in 2010, Illinois had a population of 12,830,632 people. In 2010 Illinois reported an overall crime-rate of 3,118. 1 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime-rate of 444.  9 crimes per persons. It is important to note that, while Indianas total crime-rate is higher than that of Illinois, Illinois violent crime-rate is substantially higher than Indianas. This discrepancy is because Indiana has a higher property crime rate than Illinois, but Illinois has a higher murder rate and aggravated assault rate. Below is a visual representation of the trend of the violent crime-rate per 100,000 persons in both Indiana and Illinois over the last ten years. Last, but not least, let us consider the final side-by-side comparison of this study. The final comparison will be between the two larger, western states, California and Texas. Before looking at the numbers from each state it is important to remember two things. First, both of these states border Mexico. Because of the recent problems with illegal immigration and drug trade, the crime rates of both states may be slightly inflated. Second, these two states have distinctly different sub-cultures. California is distinctly more liberal and Texas has a much more independent, conservative flavor. Now, to the numbers. In 2010 California had a population of 37,253,956 people according to the U.  S Census Bureau. That same year California reported an overall crime-rate of 3,069. 5 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime-rate of 439. 6 crimes per 100,000 persons. In 2010 Texas had a population of 25,145,561 according to the U. S Census Bureau. Also in 2010 Texas reported an overall crime-rate of 4,215. 2 crimes per 100,000 persons and a violent crime-rate of 448. 4 crimes per 100,000 persons. Below is a visual representation of the trend of the violent crime-rate per 100,000 persons in both California and Texas over the last ten years. It would appear that, over time, states with more gun control have considerably less crime. It would be worth someones time in the future to look at individual cities in each state and include additional controls for population and population density. Also, it may be interesting to see the murder rate for each state in comparison to the gun laws. After examining the results there are a few conclusions that can be made. First of all, it is easy to see that my initial hypotheses were mostly wrong. The only state with loose gun control that had a violent crime-rate lower than the state with tighter gun control was Indiana. Even then, Illinois violent crime-rate was trending down and was rapidly catching up to Indianas. Not only that, but Indianas overall crime-rate was higher than Illinois. All of the states that had more restrictive gun control laws showed a downward trend in violent crime over the given ten-year span. Texas also showed a consistent downward trend, but both Indiana and Delaware fluctuated to some extent. It is worth noting that all of the states with more gun laws had a higher population than those with fewer gun laws. Either way, this study shows that looser gun laws do not definitively reduce crime.

If I were Education Minister Essay Example

If I were Education Minister Essay If I were Education Minister Ans : Among all the area that are lagging behind, education is the foremost. Its always been my dream to be the Education Minister of India. In my capacity, I would try to reform the education system, because I firmly believe that the future of the country rests on the shoulders of the students. My first step could be to make primary education compulsory for one and all in rural areas. I would motivate families to send their children to school by giving them incentives. I would bring out schemes wherein the poorest of the people will be able to study. If a student is unable to pay for his fees, I would get corporates to sponsor their education. I would make it compulsory for every Minister of the Union or State to sponsor at least one underprivileged childs education. Secondly, I would change the manner of education. I would make education more updated and in sync with the times. I would make it more practical rather than it being theoretical. A student would be given the choice of studying a subject that he likes rather than imposing anything on him. I would make social activities and sports a part of the curriculum and ensure that no child is deprived of these subjects. We will write a custom essay sample on If I were Education Minister specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on If I were Education Minister specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on If I were Education Minister specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, I would ask all schools to assess a student on the basic of an overall yearly performance rather than one isolated examination. Que : Better to wear out that to rust out [ Mar 98 ] Ans : Proverbs are great teachers. When a hundred words fail, a few words in the form of a proverb make miracles. They pack a wealth of wisdom in a few welt chosen words like. An idle mind is a devils workshop. The language of proverbs is generally simple. The above given proverb means that it is better to work hard and become tired than not to do any work and rust out. It is an undoubted fact that hard work is the key to success. We cannot achieve anything without hard work. Right through the ages we find that great men and women the world over worked hard to achieve success. Edison worked twenty hours a day; and invested the electric bulb. The word rest did not exist in Mahatma Gandhis dictionary. Indira Gandhi worked tirelessly for our nation. Even popular film stars and sportsmen, have had to work their way up. A person is idle his mind would be like a iron which is rusted. Now that piece of iron is of no use but if that iron piece was used and wears out, then to it would be of use. A lily of a day which withers away in the evening is respected but not an oak tree which stands for hundreds of years. This means that those who are idle are not wafted by the society. No one finds them useful. If you want to fulfill your ambitions, work hard and wear out and do not frightened of failure. We must make full use of the talents and remember that success can only be achieved by hard work. Write a letter to your friend stating what changed your attitude towards mathematics. Ans : N Street Opp. Y Lane OPQ Dear Shyam, It has been long since I have heard from you. Did you forget me? I wanted to share an enlightening experience with you. Do you remember the way I treated mathematics? As if it were my step-sister. But the encouraging story of the great mathematician, Ramanujan, had a deep impact on me and I started liking mathematics. In spite of being an Indian, he was honoured with top awards in England. Poverty never became a hindrance for his passion. He had to undergo many hardships to research on mathematics and even in trying conditions, he continued his study. All these have pumped in new energy in me. I say to myself that if he could shine in such conditions, then even I could top the class which all the facilities I have at my disposal. Do share such experiences of you with me. Yours faithfully Suman Que : Work is Worship [ Mar 99 ] Ans : Work is the best kind of worship. According to all great thinkers, God is present everywhere and at all times. It is much better to do ones work well and thoroughly than to spend ones days chanting hymns. We do not have to go to a temple to pray we can do so while performing our humble day-to-day tasks. Indeed work itself is a form of prayer. We should work for the upliftment of humanity and the betterment of mankind. God helps those who help themselves, and we can help ourselves, only if we work, not only to possess material things but to glorify God who made us. Our work should be useful and creative and should be alone for the progress of our society and nation. The best example we can give is Mother Teresa who worked for upliftment of needy and poor. No work should be considered low, and no matter how humble it is, if it is for the benefit of the world it is worth doing. Whatever we do should enhance our own dignity and honour and make us better human beings. Work is divine and it is also the most befitting way of worshipping god. We can earn the love of God by doing it with dedication. Que : India of my dream [ Mar 00 ] Ans : India means culture and civilizations. Harappan civilization flourished on the banks of river Indus. India is not a vast mass of land, but it is a land of plains, mountains, rivers, villages etc. In ancient times, India was known as the land of plenty. Spices, silken clothes, cotton clothes, indigo were the items which made Europeans rich. Europeans came to India for trade and took away all these things to their country. India is a united country. The habits and customs of people as well as their food and clothing were of a common pattern and style. Many universities were established. This shows that there was unity in diversity. Even after five decades of independence, India is facing with many problems. The government is trying to solve the problems. Terrorism has affected the economy of India. My dream about India is that the problems which we are facing now like poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, terrorism, etc. will be got rid of. Every able man and woman will get work. The work will contribute to develop himself and the nation. The mind of the people will be strong without fear. His wisdom will be used for the welfare of the country. There will not be any riots or war. Education will be free for all. Minds will be free form all superstitions, narrow-mindedness and blind belief. The growth of the population will be checked since people will be educated and everyone will have equal opportunities to choose the line of education. There will be social democracy as well as economic democracy. There will be pure air and water. Man will make use at solar energy, wind energy etc. for the welfare of the people. India will progress in the field of science. India will become the richest and number one country of the world. There will be peace security for all in the country. Earlier it was said that India was a golden sparrow with its prosperity. I wish my dream of India comes true and progress and be prosperous. Que : Letter to the manager of a factory requesting permission for an industrial visit. Ans : New Komal High School, Naranpura Abad 13 7th February 2002 To, The Manager IFFCO, GIDC Road, Kalol. Sir, Being the General Secretary of the Students Union of our school, I am writing this letter to you on behalf of all my follow classmates. We are required to take up various projects and fieldwork. As part of the same, I request you to grant us a permission for an industrial visit to your factory. Our batch will consist of around 25 students. Your permission will go a long way in educating students. Kindly let us know the day and time convenient to you. Awaiting a favourable reply. Yours faithfully, XYZ (Kormal High School) Que : Autobiography of a Pen Ans : Hi! I am one of the proud members of the Parker family. I was born three years ago, in a factory in the US. Later, I was taken through many tests and after my good health was verified, I was packed and shipped to India along with several of my friends. Once in India, we all were separated, save for a few. I was sent to a big stationery store in Mumbai where every single customer stopped to have a second glance at me due to my shining presence. I was the center of attention. I know that I was the object of envy for many other pens. One day, a very rich man came to the store for shopping and his eyes fell on me. He couldnt resist my charms and immediately bought me. Later I came to know that he was the creative director of Mumbais biggest ad agency. I was overjoyed to leave the dusty showcase of the store and join a man of importance. For the first five days, I lived a privileged. I was used to sign all the documents, make ad copies and many of those ads were hits on the television. But all that ended one day, when his wife gifted him with another pen on his birthday. In a matter of days, I was given to the masters driver. The drivers soiled shirts and dirty tables robbed me of my sheen and his naughty children often dropped me causing my body to break. I was bandaged by a tape but I could never be my original self. A few days ago, the driver exhausted my ink and threw me into a corner of his house. Since then, I am rotting here, awaiting the next turn of fate. Que : If Newspapers were Stopped [ Mar 98 ] Ans : Newspapers play a very important role in our lives. We cannot imagine a single day without the newspaper at our doorstep in the morning. No matter how much of a hurry we are in, there is always time for a quick look at the headlines, which tell us at a glance what is happening all over the world. The forming of a new government, the winning or losing of a cricket match, an earthquake, an aeroplane crash, a train accident, the tragedies of a common man are all covered in the few sheets which comprise a newspaper. There is hardly any aspect of life which is not covered by newspaper. Apart from news, it gives us valuable information in the forms of advertisements, notices and reviews. Newspapers bring awareness and consciousness to the literate public. If such valuable news media was stopped then what would happen. We cannot have any information about cricket match, government, or an accident. We will not get any information regarding any new product. People would be away from the world. They would be alone, cut off from the world. People of the world would not know each other. We would go back to 13th or 14th century. Before new sea-route to India was discovered, Europeans did not know about Asians and Asians did not know about Europeans. Later on when trade began the people came in contact with each other. In the same way if newspaper were stopped people would be unaware of the new discoveries and inventions. It is a well established fact that newspapers are valuable nobody can deny that. We should exercise our discrimination while reading the newspapers. Sometimes they are instrumental in instigating people to do wrong things. In spite of television, newspapers are still the most effective and influential means of communication with the citizens of the world. Que : Write an application for the post of a clerk-cum-typist in a local factory of your town. Ans : 7, Anmol Appts, Nr. Shivranjani Satellite, Abad 11th April, 2002 To, The Manager Neo Chem Industries, Vatva, Abad Sub : Application for the Post of a Clerk-cum-Typist Sir, With reference to your advertisement in the TOI dated 9th April 02, I would like to apply for the post of a clerk. I have an excellent typing speed of 59 WPM which is a necessary skill for the post. I have the cleared my B. Com. with a First Class. I am also comfortable with computers and am well versed in MS OFFICE and the internet. I have enclosed my bio-data for further reference. I can assure you that if given a chance, I would work to the best of my abilities and provide good results. Thanking you, Yours faithfully, XYZ Que : Read the passage and answer the questions given below. It is no startling assertion to make, that poetry is beautiful, it is a claim that all would readily admit, especially those whose neglect of poetry is as complete as their regard for beauty. But once you have looked face to face upon the spirit of beauty, as it can be manifested in a great poem, you will never disregard it again. For it holds you by a charm which though invisible is stronger than all the chains by which men bind themselves to the material world. Success, money, position, these are to most men things to be desired above all others : they seek the comfort of their own bodies, the respect of their friends, self esteem, safety. But to the spirit these things may be fetter keeping it a prisoner in a world, which it despises. Poetry, it is true, will never bring you wealth or luxury or ease, and if anyone goes out to discover poetry hoping to become rich or famous, then the sooner he turns back the better. But remember always that the things of the spirit are more important than the things of the body; poetry has more to give you than any material success; treasures of the mind and the soul wise understanding, sympathy, eyes to behold beauty, a nature at peace and in harmony with life. By the virtue of its beauty poetry can do this, and all this is what we mean when we say that poetry is beautiful. 1) What is the assertion with which the author begins his passage? (2) What is the author’s comment on the spirit of beauty in a poem? (3) What happens to the spirit when a man seeks material pleasure? (4) What can poetry give a person? Ans : (1) What is the assertion with which the author begins his passage? Ans : The author begins his passage with the assertion that poetry is beautiful. (2) What is the author’s comment on the spirit of beauty in a poem? Ans : The author believes that once we have paid attention to the spirit of beauty in a poem, we would never again disregard it. It is an invisible bond which holds us with its charm. (3) What happens to the spirit when a man seeks material pleasure? Ans : When a man only seeks material pleasures, the spirit is bound as a prisoner in a world, which it despises. (4) What can poetry give a person? Ans : Poetry can give a man treasures of the mind and the soul, understanding, sympathy, an eye for beauty, a nature which is at peace with life. (2)The scientist I admire the most Dr Vikram Sarabhai is the scientist whom I admire the most. He was born on August 12, 1919 in the renowned Sarabhai family. Ambalal Sarabhai, his father, was a well-known industrialist. His mother, Saraladevi, was a staunch follower of Mahatma Gandhi. She was a great social worker. Vikram studied at home. After passing his matriculation examination, he studied in Gujarat College for sometime. Then he went to England for further studies. After returning to India, he worked under Sir C V Raman at the Institute of Science in Bangalore. He obtained his Ph. D. degree for his research on Cosmic Rays. He worked as a professor of Cosmic Rays at the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad. Later, he became its Director. He helped in establishing ATIRA. He also worked as the Director of the Indian Institute of Management at Ahmedabad. He was then appointed as the Chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission. He wished to use science for peaceful purposes and for the welfare of mankind. He is remembered for his ceaseless work in institutions like the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station in Kerala and the Artificial Satellite Launching Station near Chennai (Madras). He was awarded Padmabhushan by the Government of India. He passed away on December 30, 1971 at Thiruvananthpuram. He was a great scientist indeed ! B)Write a letter to your friend congratulation him for his brilliant success in the examination. Ans: 9, Suketu Flats Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380009 June 1, 2002 Dear Samir, We came to know about result and were very glad. Please accept my congratulations on your brilliant success at the SSC Examination. My parents are very happy and they have asked me to convey their blessings to you. I shall try to follow your example and study hard and regularly to succeed in life. We shall celebrate your success with a party when you come here. I am looking forward to your visit eagerly. Your Friend XYZ (C)Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below : The man came with the poison and said to Socrates, You have only to drink this, and walk about until your legs feel heavy, and then lie down and it will act itself. Socrates took the cup cheerfully, without trembling, and without any change of colour, and looked up at the man with that fixed glance of his, and asked, Shall I make an offering to the gods, from it? We only prepare so much as we think sufficient, Socrates, he answered. I understand, said Socrates, I must pray to the gods that my journey hence may be prosperous : that is my prayer; be it so. With these words he put the cup to his lips and drank the poison calmly and cheerfully. Most of men present controlled their grief. But one of them burst into a loud cry. Then all of them broke down except Socrates himself. What are you doing my friends? He exclaimed, I sent away chiefly in ord er that they might not offend in this way, for I have heard that a man should die in silence. So calm yourselves and bear up. The men were ashamed and ceased weeping. But he walked about, until his legs were getting heavy and then lay down on his back. Feeling left his legs; then heavier and heavier he was cold and stiff. And then Socrates himself said when it came to the heart he should be gone. After a short interval there was a movement. Then all was still. QUESTIONS : (1) What did the man ask Socrates to do? (2) How did Socrates receive the poison? (3) What did Socrates do before drinking the poison? Why? (4) How did Socrates calm down the angry men? (5) How did Socrates die? Ans: (1) The man asked Socrates to drink the poison and walk about until he felt that his legs were heavy, and then lie down. He also told him that it would act itself. (2) Socrates took the cup cheerfully, without trembling, and without any change of colour on his face. (3) Before drinking the poison, Socrates offered it to the Gods and prayed for a prosperous journey. (4) Socrates calmed the angry men by saying that he was being sent away chiefly in order that they might not get offended in this way, for he had heard that a man should die in silence. So they should calm themselves and bear up. 5) After drinking the poison, Socrates walked about, until his legs were getting heavy and then he lay down on his back. Soon feeling left his legs and became heavier. He became cold and stiff. Then Socrates himself said that when it came to the heart he should be gone. After a short interval there was a movement at all. (B)Expand the idea contained in any one of the following :5 (1)We live i n deeds, not in years. Ans: Life is not to be measured in days or months or years. Rather, it should be measured according to the deeds performed during the years. If a man lives a hundred years of inactive life, his life is as good as a living death. But if a man lives for just thirty years but does some constructive work, he becomes immortal through his work. Ramanujan was a great mathematician who lived just about thirty odd years but he is still remembered as a legend. On the other hand, there are so many people who live a hundred years and still die an unknown death. This point can be best understood by the example of an oak and lily. An oak lives on for years at a stretch but it is hardly of any use to anyone. On the other hand, the lily dies in a day but for the time it lives, it spreads light and happiness in the lives of people. 2)A stitch in time saves nine. Ans: It is always safe to take action before the eleventh hour descends. If we take an action on time, we can always end up satisfied in the end. But if we keep postponing things for later and not do our work in time, we will find ourselves scampering here and there to get things done at the last minute. For example, if a sailor ignores a small hole in the ship and d oesn’t make any effort to mend it, he will soon find that small jets of water will seep in. slowly, the water jets will become powerful and the small hole will become a bigger one. Then, the ship will slowly be flooded and lives will be at danger and in no time, the ship will sink taking with it hundreds of lives. Thus, one’s carelessness can wreck havoc. Thus, it is always better to do things at the right time than ending up repenting over our idleness or carelessness. Q. 3 (A) Write an essay on any one of the following in about 200 words. 10 (1)The World of Tomorrow Ans: According to Dr. Radhakrishnan, the former President of India, The whole world is a family, it is a nest. We are the children of the same God and it should be our ideal to make the world one arge family of nations. To achieve this ideal, every man has to become a world citizen. To make our world the best the man has to train himself to be ready to sacrifice his selfish interest for the happiness of others. He must become broad-minded. He must build up relations with men in other parts of the world and work with them for the establishment of world peace. The world is facing many proble ms terrorism, unemployment, pollution, poverty, communalism, imperialism etc. The world of tomorrow will be free from all these problems, but man has to work for it. Man will have to make sacrifices in order to inculcate in his own mind and in the minds of others. The sentiment, the spirit of universal brotherhood. He should concentrate on developing the spirit of cooperation. In tomorrows world everyone will be properly fed, will have proper job for everyone and shelter. Poverty will be abolished, everyone will be employed. The work will contribute not only for the welfare of the people but also for the overall development of a man. The feelings of hatred and revenge will be abandoned by the man and the feelings of love and compassion will take its place. Unity will be achieved by developing the sentiment of universal brotherhood. He has to rise above his narrow selfish interests and concentrate on developing the spirit of co-operation to achieve the unity in the world. There will pure air, water, the pollution will be a past thing. Rivers and seas will be clean. There will not be any noise pollution. Man will make use of renewable source of energy. Education will be free for everyone. Everyone will have equal opportunities to select the line of education of ones own liking. There will not be any caste differences. There will be unity, peace prosperity in the future. 2)Home, Sweet Home! Ans: Home, the most beautiful place on earth. Every person loves his home. Thomas Hood has said I remember, I remember The house where I was born, The little window where the sun, Came peeping in at morn. A child, when he grows up and raises his own family, but he does not forget his sisters and brothers where they have grown together. As I remember , I remember And where my brothers set, The lumberman on his birthday, The true is living yet. J. Howard Pahe said Be it ever so humble there is no place like Home. Mother contributes the most to make the home sweet. Even other members of the family also contribute to make a home comfortable for every member of the family. We always remember our home. If we go out for a world tour and visit many beautiful places, palaces but we will always be counting days when we will return to our home. Home is a place which use will never erase from our mind. To make our home sweet it is a combined efforts by all the family members. (B) Imagine that you are Suyash Pathak, from Yogeshwar Society, Race Course, Rajkot. Write a letter to the authority of municipality requesting to take action against the vendors outside your school. Ans:Yogeshwar Society Race Course Rajkot 2 7 2003 To, The Municipal Commissioner Rajkot Subject : Menace of Vendors outside School Sir, I have no doubt that you are aware of that vendors with their different food-stuffs like sandwich, fruits, cold-drink etc. and pan-masala near my school D. A. V. High School. The stuff which is prepared and sold in a very unhygienic conditions. It is exposed to flies and other insects so it is a threat to the health of school children. May I request to your goodness to take immediately action to prohibit the selling of such food-stuffs by the vendors. Yours Faithfully Suyash Pathak C)Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below One day George Washington was riding along a road. On the way, he saw some soldiers, trying to lift a heavy beam. The Corporal was giving them order. The beam was too heavy to move without help. They needed just one man more. The Corporal, however, would not help them. He thought he was big an of ficer to come down to the level of the soldiers. Washington watched for a minute and then asked the Corporal why he did not help the soldiers. The Corporal at once turned round and said, Dont you know, Sir that I am an officer? Washington replied, I beg your pardon, Mr. Corporal; I did not know that you were such a great man. Then he at once dismounted, took off his coat, rolled up his sleeves and pulled the beam with all his might. The beam came up at once. Washington then mounted his horse again and said to the officer, Mr. Corporal, if in future you need the help of another man, send for your General. The Corporal was ashamed. Washington, the First President of USA was a great man indeed. Questions : (1) Why could the soldiers not lift up the beam? (2) Why did the Corporal not help the soldiers? 3) What did Washington say to the Corporal in the end? (4) Why was the Corporal ashamed? (5) What lesson do you learn from the story? Ans: (1) Why could the soldiers not lift up the be am? Ans: The solders could not lift up the beam because if was very heavy. (2) Why did the Corporal not help the soldiers? Ans: The Corporal did not help the soldiers because he thought that he was a big officer to come down to the level of the soldiers. (3) What did Washington say to the Corporal in the end? Ans: George Washington said to Mr. Corporal that in future if he needs any help he can send for his General. 4) Why was the Corporal ashamed? Ans: The Corporal was ashamed as he came to knew that George Washington himself was his General. (5) What lesson do you learn from the story? Ans: The story tells us that no work is small or big far any person. OR Make a precis of the above passage and give it a suitable title. Ans: Work Belittles None George Washington saw some solders trying to lift a heavy beam, but they needed just one man more. The Corporal thought he was too big an officer to come down to the level of the soldiers to help them. Washington dismounted and pulled the b eam up. He said to the officer that if in future he needs the help, he could send for his general. The Corporal was ashamed. (B)Expand the idea contained in any one of the following 5 (1)Handsome is that handsome does. Ans : Handsome the meaning of the word is fine form. A handsome person means a good-looking having pleasing looks. Everyone likes to be beautiful. People are attracted towards a handsome person. It is the nature of a human being that he likes only beautiful things. Nature has provided many beautiful things in the world. Everyone likes to appreciate a butterfly, but not a bat. Physical beauty is not real beauty unless it has an inner beauty. A person is handsome when he does some handsome deed. If a good-looking person is criminal then no one would like him. But instead of a criminal, he does good deeds like helping needy people, to help educational institutions, hospitals, though his wealth or by his service, he would be called a handsome person. Freedom fighters who sacrificed their life for the nation did good and handsome deeds. People appreciated their deeds. The beauty of the soul is shown of a person through his good and great thoughts, words and deeds. Mahatma Gandhi, ordinary in appearance, was really very handsome. Handsome deeds are done good thoughts, words. Handsome thoughts makes a person to do handsome work so we can say that handsome is as handsome does. (2)What cannot be cured must be endured. Ans : Medical Science provides cure for most of the diseases. But some of them cannot be cured. AIDS is one of them. A patient suffering from an incurable disease should face life with courage and endurance. The person should judge his life as a gift of God and live the rest of his life with happiness. Today the government spends a lot on finding a cure for AIDS. Medical professionals are also hopeful for finding a cure for incurable diseases. Only time will tell, when such a cure will be available, but the hope is still there. One has to live, till the time such a cure is available for general public. The person having an incurable disease should wait till a remedy is available. Friends, relatives should also support the patient to help him live the rest of his life with happiness. So we can say that What cannot be cured should be endured.

Religion vs. Relationship Professor Ramos Blog

Religion vs. Relationship Summary: Jefferson claims, â€Å"Religion makes you blind, but Jesus makes you see  and thats why religion and Jesus are two different clans. Religion is man searching for God; Christianity is God searching for man.† Jefferson wants people to understand the difference between religion and having a relationship with God. He says Religion says do but Jesus says done. He claims Religion is a hypocritical front people put on to call themselves â€Å"good.†Jefferson makes a statement to let people know that having a personal relationship with Jesus means come as you are. Jefferson states, â€Å"Its not a museum for good people- its a hospital for the broken.† Church shouldn’t feel like a place to come because we are perfect, but instead a place to be real and come as you are even if that means you are broken. Religion is the infection while God’s grace is the cure. Its not about what you’ve done but what Jesus has already done for us. Response:   We agree with what Jefferson is trying to proclaim. People can have their opinions on religion whether its good or bad. Jefferson really lightens up the perspective of just the simplicity of knowing Jesus without all the rules and regulations religion brings to the table. Religion can become like a front making it seem like it’s all okay when in reality people are hurting inside. Now people will have there different opinions on what they believe and thats okay. I believe that Jefferson does a good way of using Ethos to grab the audience attention to try and get people to think differently about religion and start looking at the words and life Jesus lived.

The Impact of the Ottoman Empire on Europe's and Turkey's Essay

The Impact of the Ottoman Empire on Europe's and Turkey's architecture, gouvernment and life - Essay Example The major areas where the Ottoman caused impacts in Europe and Turkey include architecture, government, and general life of the citizens. This research paper focuses on how the Ottoman Empire changed and influenced the architecture, politics and social life in Europe and Turkey. The Ottoman Empire constituted one of the three empires that were most outstanding in the world. The other two empires of the world along with the Ottoman Empire were the Roman Empire and the British Empire1. The Ottoman Empire acquired several benefits from the already established states of Turkey. The states had already underwent a lot of establishment, thus, the Ottoman Empire used some of their resources for internal growth and development. One unique feature about the empire was that it was always attracted to ways of life of the West. Additionally, the Ottoman Empire did not have any prejudgements about anyone and bore with all forms of religious and ethnic groups within its operation regions. The founding, rising and advancement of the Ottoman Empire underwent actualisation using a well-designed plan and program. The plan for actualisation was founded on the principles of both spiritual and worldly realities in the state philosophy. The success and influence of the Ottoman Em pire was possible due to sharing the central and local leadership responsibilities with all ethnic and religious colleagues. The history of Ottoman Empire has its tracings back to a Turkish tribal chieftain known as Othman (Osman). The Seljuk Empire in Anatolia collapsed in the late thirteenth century, which led to it being divided into many states. Sogut was one of the states and its founder was Ertugrul. Osman was his son and it is after his death he took over and built the Ottoman Empire. The empire was grounded on the Islam religion. It was during the fourteenth century that he founded this empire originally known as Osmanli, but later through an evolution in

Reflection on the Secluded Paradise in the Community Park Essay

Reflection on the Secluded Paradise in the Community Park - Essay Example In the first step, I had to garner enough information on the accessibility of the secluded paradise. Gathering this information was vital in ensuring I amassed enough information on travelling to the place. I had to search for this information since I figured a reconnaissance study would be appropriate. Therefore, finding a better route to the place would be plausible. Secondly, I searched for information about the place (Kamyab 23). I indulged the use of both primary and secondary data collection techniques. As I received loads of data, I had to sieve the data to attain the vital points. With such a drill, I was able to gather enough information. Instantaneously after amassing data from the primary and secondary sources, I had to embark on the reconnaissance study. This study gave me enough preparation for the actual visit to the place. After a couple of days, I made the official visit to the place to gather more data. I had to indulge many people in the quest for data as I was practically looking for quality data. I also had to compare the pricing and quality of services with other businesses offering the same services (Kamyab, 66). I discovered there was a minute difference in the pricing, as other businesses preferred the same pricing. After collecting information, I set on to write the essay. Since I had all the information, I faced lesser challenges. I had to encompass all the vital information in the essay, giving a stronger outlook. Though the essay had all the vital information, I had to revise several parts. For instance, I had to specify some of the prices in the park. The community park charges from $ 595 to $ 605, prior to a deposit of $ 303. With such a pricing technique, there is a reduction in cancelations.

Auditor Preliminary Analytical Procedure

Auditor Preliminary Analytical Procedure Auditors are required to prepare the preliminary analytical procedure at the planning as a part of the risk-assessment procedures under ASA 315.6. The definition of preliminary analytical procedure is that comparison of client rations to industry or competitor benchmarks provides an indication of the companys performance. The purpose of preliminary analytical procedure is to obtain understanding of the clients company and industry. (textbook) In common, two major stages, simple comparisons and ration analysis, are used by auditors during analytical procedure; however ration analysis is a better understanding of the entity. Based on the data from question 6.33, the analysis procedure is allocated in two major stages. (textbook) Simple comparisons. Simple comparison is to compare amounts between the 2009 financial statements and 2010 financial statements of Gourmet Pty Ltd. The net profit increases from $56 240 000 in 2009 to $63 562 000 in 2010, the increasing amounts are up to $7 3220 000. The total shareholders equity increases from $141 300 000 in 2009 to $204 862 000 in 2010, the increasing amounts are up to $63 562 000. The performance of company is better from 2009 to 2010 in respect of above data, because company owns a steady and experienced management team; attempts to extend the range of products in order to enhance competition of industry and depends on appropriate strategy to acquire other smaller competitors. The simple comparison is a general analysis, however, auditor need to use ratio analysis in order to obtaining the specific data. Ratio analysis Based on 6.33, following ratios could be calculated for analysis. The current ratio is 0.195 in 2009 and 0.280 in 2010. These two ratios are less than the better benchmark 2, even are lower than positive current ratio 1.5 as well. The quick asset ratio is 0.070 in 2009 and 0.096 in 2010. The gross profit ratio is 0.481 in 2009 and 0.463 in 2010. The net profit ratio is 0.183 in 2009 and 0.193 in 2010. The debt to equity ration is 7.30 (a) The inherent risk is the susceptibility of an account balance, class of transactions or disclosure to material misstatement given inherent and environmental characteristics, but without regard to internal control. (textbook) Based on the background information from 6.33, following factors could impact the inherent risk: A new finance director has joined in the company. The change of important management position would increase inherent risk. At the same time, the new finance director will face pressure to outperform pervious result; the pressure could provide an incentive for him or her to involve the misstatement and fraud of financial report. Also the inherent risk would increase. The company owned 25 outlets of varying sizes and geographic locations, which would increase inherent risk, because it is hard to be controlled by managers of entity. Company has signed contract regarding the construction and development of a restaurant and entertainment complex, which would increase inherent risk due to the lack of expertise about the new market. The company installed a new computer system; the change of information technology may not work as expected or may be unreliable and could affect the accuracy of financial report. Therefore, the inherent risk would be increased. (b)(i) Based on the audit risk model, three components consist of audit risk: inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. The increase of inherent risk will result in that misstatements likely to occur in companys financial report, which would lead to the increase of audit risk as well.(textbook) (c) The level of materiality should be considered as a key point to plan the nature, timing and extent of audit procedure, and the relationship between audit risk and materiality is inverse. (textbook)Therefore, the amount of preliminary materiality level reduced from $5000000 to $3200000 after review of inherent risk, because that the inherent risk is higher than the auditors anticipation. Thus, auditor should increase the extent of audit procedures, selecting a more effective audit procedure and performing audit procedures closer to the balance date, particularly in respect to account is considered importantly by auditors.(text book) 8.34 (a) The objectives of internal auditors are that Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organisations operations. (Adam Cunningham). The internal auditors scope of work is comprehensive. It serves the organization by helping it accomplish its objectives, and improving operations, risk management, internal controls, and governance processes. (http://www.theiia.org/theiia/about-the-profession/internal-audit-faqs/?i=1086) External auditor is to verify that the annual accounts provide a true and fair picture of the organisations finances; and that the use of funds is in accordance with the aims and objects as outlined in the constitution.   The scope of external auditors (b) External auditor can adopt the information from internal auditor included that: The internal audit function as a part of the internal control, will impact the external auditors assessment of control risk and the scope of audit procedures. The descriptions and other documentation of internal control will contribute the external auditor to gain an understanding of the companys internal control. The direct assistance by internal auditor will help external auditor to make substantive test or tests of controls(textbook) (c) Along with internal auditor involved in assessing the company strategy and identifying the associated risks, which will provide helps for the external auditor regarding to undertake a business risk approach to the audit. In addition, internal auditors should hold adequate skills, knowledge, experience, integrity and objectivity to ensure the effective information for external auditor. (textbook) Based on the information on 8.34, Gourmet Pty Ltd owns an experienced and professional internal auditing team. However, the external auditor should consider carefully for these information, because that the objectives of the internal auditor should be the same as the objectives of the company (David A. Wood).Therefore, external auditor must select information under the requirement of independent audit. (d) The objective 1, objective 2 and objective 4 are related to ensure the effective operation and acquirement of maximal benefit for company, which are not included in control activities. The control activities is that policy and procedures that pertain to performance reviews, information processing, physical controls and segregation of duties. (Textbook) Therefore, the objective 3, objective 5 and objective 6 are related to internal control activities, which are need to be relevant to external auditor. 9.35 (a) The related internal control must be identified effectiveness if auditors plan to rely on this control. Therefore, auditors need to set out tests of control to confirm effectiveness of controls. From this case, the audit partner has decided to use the work of the internal audit group (LAG). One of the work papers from LAG is to examine payments made to creditors throughout the year and determine whether the procedures laid down in the Accounting Manual have been properly followed. On the other word, this paper is related to the tests of control about payment. The result of this test indicates some errors: (i) Payments that were not matched to an approved purchase order, however, all other documentation was attached. The objective of this is to test the occurrence of purchases of inventory transaction. This error implies that related transaction may not occur or the transaction is unauthorised. (ii) Payments that were not made to an approved supplier. The objective of this is to test the occurrence of purchases of inventory transaction. This error implies that related transaction may not occur or the transaction is unauthorised. (iii) Payments that were authorized by a second party, although this was not required. The notes explain that new financial accountant being unaware of firm policy. Although it has been remedied, the related transactions may do not occur or is unauthorised. (iv) Payments that had no supporting documentation attached. The objective of this is to test the occurrence of cash disbursements transactions. This error implies that related transaction may not occur or the transaction is unauthorised or the goods or services may not receive. (v) Payments that did not bear evidence that computation on creditors invoices had been checked. The objective of this is to test the accuracy of purchases of inventory transactions. The error implies that related transactions are not recorded correctly. Also, these errors indicate that the internal control regarding payments is not very effective, because the proportion of error is almost 28% of 60 samples. It means that the risk of this related internal control is higher than average level. (b) Under this situation, external auditors should consider whether the evidences adopted by internal auditors are satisfied sufficiency and appropriateness. Particularly in respect of the appropriateness should be discussed here. Gourmet Pty Ltd is a large private company; therefore it must have a large volume of transactions. If internal auditors only selected 60 samples, it should be considered by external auditors that the amounts of samples are not sufficient and the control risk is higher than its actual level. Therefore, they can choose to increase the extent of test of control to try to reduce the risk level to an acceptable level. If the control is still not working as they expected, they can choose increase the extent of substantive testing in order to continual reliance on this control. If the control risk still can not be reduced by these tests of control, external auditors will give up the reliance on the control. In effect, auditors have determined that control does not exist or the existence of control can not provide reliable evidence. (textbook)