Aircraft safety and Human Factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aircraft safety and Human Factors - Essay Example Aviation is basically a combination of four ingredients, viz. Man, Machine, Medium and Mission-the four Ms.Sucessful integration of all the four culminates in a safe flight. Safety In aviation is achieved by implementation of in stringent measures at various levels-be the production, training or operations. Great emphasis is given towards production of aircraft. Innumerable test sorties are flown on prototypes before clearing them for production. Once came into the service, maintaince schedules are laid down at various stages to ensure trouble free flying. Similarly the crew operating the aircraft undergoes rigorous training to hone their flying skills. Great emphasis is given towards training of ground crew too, which encompasses all crew not flying but directly or indirectly associated with flying operations. Varios checks are instituted to monitor the health of aircraft and the knowledge of aircrews and ground crews. Despite so much concern and effort however, accidents do take place due to varied reasons and it has been found that the man behind the machine causes almost 80% of the accidents in aviation due to omissions or commissions. Why is it so Why does the same specie, that gas designed and mastered the machine and understood its intricacies, cause an accident due to an error How is the man weakest link among Four Ms These are the questions that need to be answered in the interest of flight safety. Human factors Human factors includes studies human capabilities, system analysis and design, process control and automation, skill acquisition, information processing and display, operator workload, and task-induced stress, human-computer interaction, environmental effects on performance, and accident prevention. Human factors is concerned with the cognitive and interpersonal skills required to manage the flight within an organized aviation system. Cognitive skills are the mental processes required for gaining and maintaining situational awareness, for solving problems and for taking decisions. Interpersonal skills include effective communications and good teamwork. Good interpersonal skills encourage the creation of synergy and the development of successful teamwork. Both cognitive and interpersonal skills are enhanced by a good emotional climate amongst the crew, but they are also easily degraded by stress, so management of the emotional climate and stress becomes and integral and important elem ent of good human factors. Human factors play significant roles in more accidents than do mechanical failures. Accordingly, crew resource Aircraft safety and Human Factors 4 Management and other human factors-related training are emphasized in most flight training. Human factors often place demands on the pilot that contrast with those of technology. Pilots must integrate skillful operation of an aircraft with subtle but powerful factors within themselves. (Frank& Harry 112) Flight Deck Management reports:(

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 12 Essay

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 12 - Essay Example One of the commonest features is that they at transferring production to individuals who are no longer involved in the process of production. This is a link between the present group of workers with the past workers who have reached the retirement age. Other features include the need for employees to be eligible in order to be part of a pensionable plan and varied statutory limitations that are related to the contribution and the benefit under the plan (Hustead, 2001). Another feature is that participants under the plan accrue contribution and upon attainment of the normal retirement age, they receive the vested portion of the benefits. Pension fund management involves investment of assets in order to achieve the long term goal of providing funding for retirement (Cohen, 2007). Because of the huge amount of importance that pension funds hold over the long term financial well being of the recipients, managing the fund has become very crucial in organizations. However, individuals who oversee pension funds face challenges that keep on evolving with changes in the business environment, for example, challenges driven by factors like national legislation. Another concern relates to good governance because funds need to be well run by skilled employees at the management level and there needs to be effective supervisory board. Lack of skilled employees increases the risk of mismanagement of funds which is depended on by the beneficiaries. Inflation has remained one of the major concerns when managing pension schemes. This is because pension schemes are usually exposed to a rise in inflation as most of the pension funds paid are inflation-linked. Managers need to find ways of dealing with inflation, for example, by hedging through investing in swaps and index-linked bonds. If these options are preferred, another challenge comes up where a question comes up as to whether a company wants to deal with inflation expensively because index-linked bonds and

Basics of collective bargaining and its effects within globalisation

Basics of collective bargaining and its effects within globalisation a. What may McDonalds have considered in order to establish their approaches to collective bargaining in both Germany and the UK? To answer the above question we first need to know about basics of collective bargaining where Collective Bargaining is defined as the process of turning disagreements into agreements in an orderly fashion. Collective bargaining is the process followed to establish a mutually agreed set of rules and decisions between unions and employers for matters relating to employment. This is a regulating process dealing with the regulation of management and conditions of employment. Collective bargaining is used as the negotiation process between employees and employers with unions acting as the representatives of employees. The entire process depends on the bargaining powers of the concerned parties. The process of collective bargaining is to settles down any conflicts regarding the conditions of employment such as wages, working hours and conditions, overtime payments, holidays, vacations, benefits, insurance benefits etc. and management regulations. Players involved in collective bargaining: Employees Management Corporate organization Unions In line with the above definition McDonalds may have considered the approach and settings of collective bargains as an important issue of employee relations. The German setting and approach McDonalds may have considered establishing their approaches to collective bargaining in Germany: The traditional collective approach to Employee Relations (ER) in German companies is deeply rooted in the particular configuration of the German Industrial Relations (IR) system. This is characterized by a high degree of regulation and a dense, encompassing institutional infrastructure that imposes a uniform set of institutional constraints on companies, but at the same time provides incentives for employers to accept institutional constraints (Lane, 1995; Soskice, 1994). McDonalds, to establish its approaches to collective bargaining this ER and IR framework may have been considered in first instance. In addition, the institutional structure is highly integrated with strong linkages, not only within the IR system, but also to the wider German businesses system. Key elements of the German model, to which the majority of German companies subscribe, are the centrally co-ordinated sector based collective bargaining system and employee representation at domestic level via the works coun cil system equipped with statutory participation and consultation rights. Food industry in Germany is not beyond this mechanism where McDonalds considerations regarding collective bargaining approach must have encompassed with statutory participation and employee consultation and codetermination rights. Indeed, German employers have to negotiate a densely structured institutional framework inside and outside the company level. The German approach to collective bargaining is also underwritten by strong labor market legislation and an elaborate welfare system. Despite growing interest in individual bargaining style direct employee involvement mechanisms, their uptake has so far been comparably modest in German companies (Sperling, 1997). Because of the wide ranging rights of information, consultation and co-determination in the German food industry, the use of individual voice mechanisms is relatively unimportant in the German setting where collective bargaining still has the paramount influence. Therefore, in the international context, McDonalds may have considered a propensity to support a collective approach to ER in their international operations by recognizing trade unions, engaging in collective bargaining and establishing strong workplace level employee representation systems. Nevertheless, the twin pressures arising for subsidiaries of McDonalds in Germany from heightened international competition and reunification, which have led to a tendency to erode some of the elements in the German system. As employers McDonalds may have considered demanding for a more flexible, deregulated and decentralized IR system, especially in relation to collective bargaining. It seems to have gradually weakened the consensus on the benefits of the traditional collective ER approach. Throughout the 1990s, a process of incremental internal reforms to the system has progressively broadened the scope for flexibility and strategic choice in companies. Yet, this has so far been accommodated within the parameters of the flexible adaptation potential of the current system in the form of regulated flexibility and centrally co-ordinated decentralisation, pointing to a path dependent trajectory of change. Emerging ER in German companies may perhaps be described as a flexible collective approach to ER. However, it seems not entirely clear at this particular juncture whether the growing pressures of international competition can be arrested in the future within the current system by the process of negotiated and consensual reforms, or whether these pressures will lead to the disintegration of the German model. In the latter case, the possible future ER approach in German companies could than no longer be described as flexible collectivism but may move towards the individualistic Anglo-Saxon approach. Indeed, trade unions and employers associations are already losing members, which starts to challenge the traditional structure of the organisational foundations of collective bargaining and hampers the achievement of unified strategies. Despite the recent reforms, there has also been a growing incidence of disorganised decentralisation, whereby employers tend to ignore the terms of collective agreements frequently in co-operation with works councils (often as a quid pro quo for safeguarding jobs). They establish pay provisions and working time arrangements which violate the collective accords, thereby contesting the adaptation potential of the system. Large German companies increasingly tend t o insert the strategic use of DFI and the threat of locational flexibility into their negotiations with works councils to secure such deals. As one of the major employers in German food industry McDonalds may have considered the above set of changing conditions. The UK Setting and the UK Approach to Employee Relations In contrast to Germany, the contemporary British system of collective bargaining is characterized by a weak regulatory framework and a thin, fragmented institutional infrastructure, which imposes relatively few barriers and constraints on labour relations practices. The fragmentation of the institutional structure goes hand in hand with weak linkages both within the IR system and in connection to the wider national business system which obviously includes food industry in the UK. Because of the relative permissiveness of the contemporary IR context, the UK seems to be a particularly suitable country for McDonalds, as subsidiary, to explore the country of origin effect in international operations, since home country approaches to ER can be transferred relatively unconstrained by host country institutional arrangements. However, to uncover the existence of possible ownership effects it is necessary to establish the differential space between the home and the host country ER approaches. Contrary to the German experience, no distinct stereotypical UK ER approach can be identified. Traditionally the cornerstone of labor relations was the pluralist workplace industrial rela tions system, which subsequently collapsed in the 1980s in the wake of the neo-liberal labor market policies under the Thatcher government. These reforms are most important issue to be considered in establishing collective bargaining approaches in the UK which have encouraged employers to dispense with collective labour relations and to individualise ER along the lines of US style HRM by end of the 1990s a collective approach to ER is no longer representative of the economy as a whole, but is increasingly confined to the public sector and a dwindling minority of private sector companies. In the private sector, trade union recognition collapsed throughout the 1980s and 1990s and with it the incidence of workplace level trade union representatives. The institution of collective bargaining dramatically declined. By 1998, two-thirds of private sector employees had their pay fixed by management decision without any union involvement. Non-union channels of interest representation, such as staff representatives of joint consultative committees (JCCs) (the weaker version of the German works councils), are relatively rare and also in decline. They have not filled the vacuum left by the dramatic decrease in union recognition and workplace level union representatives. There is large and growing representation gap in the UK and an absence of any kind of collective voice mechanism in the majority of firms. In those firms where a collective approach to ER still occurs, it takes place within a changed power balance between employers and collective labor actors and on a decentralized basis. With the retreat of the collective ER approach there has been much discussion and expectation that HRM style direct ER may become a major feature of British ER. Although direct employee involvement methods have become increasingly common among UK workplaces, various studies point to a rather ad hoc and sporadic adoption of such practices. Companies with comprehensive HRM involvement packag es are far from the norm. Furthermore, a large percentage of them tend to be firms with trade-union recognition (WERS 1998). The combination of the low incidence of a collective approach of ER and the high incidence of comprehensive HRM style employee involvement schemes found in firms with a collective ER approach, indicates that many companies have not developed a coherent alternative approach to collective labour relations, other than the unfettered reign of the management prerogative. Here, employees are neither represented by collective voice mechanisms, nor do they enjoy a comprehensive individual voice mechanism. In case of establishing McDonalds may have considered those conditions and changing mechanisms to establish their approaches to collective bargaining efficiently. National Legislation: National legislation must have been considered by the McDonalds in establishing their approached towards collective bargaining within the industry both in UK and Germany. In the UK legislation there is no specific preference regarding the mode of employee or industrial relationship for MNEs like McDonalds. So McDonalds is well known as anti-union giant in the UK and their approach towards collective bargaining is strictly negative. In Germany on the other hand, has a highly regulated industrial relations system which, in theory at least, provides considerable constraints on the employee relations practices of MNEs. As a result McDonald had to thing the statutory bindings and regulations constraints regarding approaches to collective bargaining. Codetermination and collective bargaining rights The McDonalds in case of both Germany and UK has considered these rights as a different approach. German workers enjoy a dual system of representation, collective bargaining rights and co-determination rights through the institution of the works council and the supervisory board. Together with codetermination and collective bargaining rights, these legally enforceable and constituted rights appear to provide German employees with significant power resources compared to UK employees. So McDonalds must have considered the issues of the both rights of the employees before establishing their bargaining approach. Size of Franchise: The McDonalds corporation established itself in the UK in 1974, in Germany in 1971. The corporation currently has well over 800 stores in Germany amongst approximately 65% outlets are franchisee where in there are a similar number of stores in the UK with some 20% franchisee with approximately 45,000 employees in each country. In this case being a fast-food market leader in both countries McDonalds have considered the size of franchise. The franchise aspect influence collective bargaining issues through local entity and regulations involvement. So size of franchise is also a factor that may have been considered. Unioin Membership: McDonald also may have considered Union membership. German unions are arguably better organized and have retained a position of relative strength compared to those in the UK. Union membership at McDonalds in Germany and in the German fast-food industry is very small at around 5 per cent. However, these low percentages are still higher than the percentage of union membership at McDonalds and the fast-food industry in the UK. So this issue is an important consideration in establishing Macdonalds collective bargaining approach. The increasingly anti-union climate: The increasingly anti-union climate in the 80s and early 90s has encouraged Macdonalds in the UK to withhold or withdraw union recognition, and discouraged employees from joining unions and posed difficulties for recruitment. In Germany, union membership remains at around 5 per cent at McDonalds. The findings suggest that it is only where a works council has been established where still there is better union practice than the UK. So this consideration may have been involved in planning McDonalds approach towards collective bargaining. Characteristics of Workforce and Nature of the industry: McDonalds have considered both the factors in case of both countries to design its approach towards collective bargaining. Redundancy and employee apathy: Redundancy and employee apathy amongst part-time, temporary, foreign or young workers undoubtedly play an important role in the low or non-existent levels of union membership. So this factor may have been considered in both UK and Germany. Strong corporate culture: Strong corporate cultures are seen as instilling appropriate behaviors and. This is essentially what is argued here with regard to the non-union approach of McDonalds in both the countries. McDonalds Anti-union belief: McDonalds is basically a non-union company and intends to stay that way. About unionization in the UK once McDonalds stated thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. unionization has risen its ugly head over the years, but you know, we feel that we offer a good deal to people, all kinds of ways in which we can communicate, so that if there was a problem they can bring it to management, we feel that we dont need unions. But in Germany McDonalds never been outspoken like in UK about union. Public image Macdonalds has a big public image and brand reputation which may have been considered both in the UK and Germany to establish collective bargaining approaches. Employer Associations Employer associations in Germany are stronger than UK. So the MsDonaldS approach in the UK is different from that of Germany. b. How may McDonalds have considered individual bargaining as an alternative or additional approach in both Germany and the UK? What benefits and/or problems may this have brought in both countries? Individual bargaining: Individual bargaining is the process by which an employer and an employee negotiate an ndividual contract of employment, regulating the terms and conditions of employment. Differing Approaches to Employee Relations at the Collective and Individual Level: Managing the relationships between employees and employers grows more complex and more critical every year. You need a strong relationship between employers and employees to navigate the human resource minefields of sexual harassment, employee threats of violence, equal employment opportunity, executive compensation, plant closing and relocations, and downsizing and workforce restructuring. Basically, employees have a relationship with their employer/s, and the success of this relationship influences the success of the company. Collective and Individual relations refers to two of the main types of relationship between the two parties. Individual Bargaining: Advantages The main advantage of individual bargaining is it is a single voice and thus there is no conflict in matters Another advantage of individual bargaining is that it expresses the views and opinions of one person and thus there is no compromising Individual Bargaining: Disadvantages The main disadvantage of individual bargaining is that the manager will not take a lot of notice of just one persons views or opinions and therefore nothing will happen Thus there is not a lot of chance that individual bargaining will have an influence on company decisions and policies. Collective Bargaining: Advantages The main advantage of collective bargaining is that the manager will not take a great deal of time in deciding on what action to take on an individual level. The employees have greater influence in the final decision the manager will take. There is also a chance of the employees getting what they demand. Collective Bargaining: Disadvantages The main disadvantage of collective bargaining is that it is seen as depriving the individual worker of their individual liberty and voice. The major changes in the industrial relations in UK i.e. a shift away from collective bargaining towards individual argaining were in the favour of McDonalds own strategy. The turn down in the union membership in both UK and Germany also helps McDonalds to practice the individual bargaining in their organization. Benefits: Improvement in the relationship of management and workers within the organization as it is evident from the statement of John cooke McDonalds US Labour relations chief as: We feel that we offer a good deal to people, all kinds of ways in which we can communicate, so that if there was a problem they can bring it to management. As employees are generally unaware of their rights they can take advantage of the situation to save their costs. As example is given cleaning of uniforms. And also regarding pay, performance related pay, probation and notice for redundancy, paid leave. Individual workers can never be a threat for McDonalds where there may have a chance in the existence of trade union. Disadvantages: Loss of public image in Germany that subsequently decrease their sale growth in German market. Large compensation need to provide for violating employees rights in different work place. How may the approach to collective bargaining in Germany and the UK influence employee relations for McDonalds internationally? McDonalds opposition to trade unions is now well-documented; however, the extent to which it can operate without unions or can avoid or undermine collective bargaining with unions and/or statutory works councils varies considerably in different countries and over time. Consequently the ability of national unions and their GUFs to improve pay levels and conditions of work has been limited, variable and by no means static. This is nicely illustrated by McDonalds operations in New Zealand where the corporation responded pragmatically to changes in government and labour legislation, excluding unions from and then returning to collective bargaining ahead of law reforms aimed at strengthening unions in 2000, but continued to keep unions out of its restaurants wherever possible. Attempts to regulate McDonalds employment conditions are therefore an ongoing struggle in which without pro-union labour law, unions have little chance of organising workers and even less chance of establishing collective agreements. This may come as no surprise in countries such as the and Ireland where unions have had either no success or short-lived successes in gaining union recognition only to be denied before collective agreements can be established or enforced. However, even unions located in countries with more stringent labour legislation (e.g. Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Germany, Sweden and Norway) have had varying success in achieving some improvements in employee representation, pay and conditions of work and even where improvements have been achieved they are often under threat. Union attempts to increase the number of union-backed works councils and establish a company-level works council (Gesamtbetriebsrat) have completely failed, resulting from a number of sophisticated union-busting practices. Furthermore, despite some success in persuading McDonalds to accept collective bargaining in Germany in the late 1980s, McDonalds withdrew from collective bargaining in 2002 and has threatened to deal exclusively with a yellow union. In Denmark, where average union membership is much higher than Germany and labour law is equally stringent, McDonalds only agreed to bargain collectively after a year of conflict and boycotts involving other Danish unions and support from Finnish and Swedish unions in the late 1980s. McDonalds has tried to roll-back the basic terms of such agreements ever since. Nevertheless, in Sweden, Norway and Denmark, McDonalds workers do enjoy better conditions of work and higher pay than in other European countries and the USA itself. However, even in those countries it is very difficult to establish union representatives in the outlets, something which experience shows is essential if such collective agreements are to be properly enforced in. Despite these difficulties European unions have undoubtedly had some success in bringing McDonalds to the bargaining table, especially where sector-level bargaining is in effect compulsory and where labour law is more stringent and supportive of union rights and collective bargaining. What additional or alternative methods could support good employee relations for McDonalds? Consider the role an HR function could take? The HRM approach to employee relations can be described in terms of several prescriptions. An HRM model for employee relations focuses on a drive for commitment meaning that the focus of the organisation should be to win the trust, motivation and commitment to the organisation, participating in its development opportunities. Emphasis is on mutuality, meaning that employees share common goals, the vision and mission of the organisation. Communication within the organisation follows an established set of procedures that are agreed formally or informally and may include briefings, meetings with representatives, etc. HRM emphasises the shift from collective bargaining to individual contracts. Employee involvement is fostered and a number of techniques and approaches are followed to support their involvement. Total quality management aims at continuous improvement of quality. Another initiative is flexible working arrangements and focus on the life-work balance through harmonisation of conditions for all employees. Finally the support of employee communities of practice and team spirit are of high priority. Employee relations describe as in terms employee communication, employee involvement, employee rights and employee discipline. Armstrong has identified the elements of employee relations as follows: Formal and informal policies and practices of the organisation. The development, negotiation and application of formal systems, rules and procedures for collective bargaining, handling disputes and regulating employment. Policies and practices for employee communications. Informal and formal process regulating the interactions between managers and employees. Policies of the government, management and trade unions. A number of parties including state, management, organisations, trade unions, employees, etc. The legal framework. Institutions (e.g. ACAS) and the employment tribunals. The bargaining structures, recognition and procedural agreements enabling the formal system to operate. Employee relations processes Figure Reconciliation of interests between employers and employees According to the Industrial Relations Services there are four approaches to employee relations, namely: Adversarial meaning that employees are expected to follow the targets identified by the organisation. Traditional meaning that employees react on management proposals and directives. Partnership meaning that employees are involved in assisting the organisation and consensus is reached in decision making related to policies. Power sharing employees are involved also in daily management apart from policy making. Employee relations policies act to disseminate its preferred approach with respect to the relationship it wants to have with its employees and the empowerment of employees for certain activities. Employee relation policies cover several areas, including: Trade union recognition meaning decisions with respect to the recognition or derecognition of certain unions and preferences of the unions the organisation prefers to deal with. Collective bargaining meaning the identification of those areas that should be covered from such a negotiation. Employee relations procedures meaning procedures such as redundancy, grievance handling and disciplinary actions. Participation and involvement meaning the extent to which the organisation shares power and control with its employees. Partnership meaning the extent to which a partnership with employees is desirable. The employment relationship meaning the extent to which employment terms and conditions are controlled by collective agreements or individual contracts. Harmonisation meaning the harmonisation of terms and conditions of employment arrangements. Working arrangements meaning the extent to which unions are involved in the determination of working arrangements. Employee involvement is central to employee relations as Bratton and Gold discuss. Employee involvement can be described in terms of the form of involvement (whether it is formal or informal), the level of involvement in the organisational hierarchy and the degree of involvement. Across these three employee involvement dimensions several types of involvement can be rated from the lower ones in terms of empowerment, involvement and organisational level to the higher ones. The following situations are ranked in an ascending order in terms of all three dimensions of employee involvement: Communication -> Financial Involvement -> Problem solving groups -> Quality circles -> Cross functional teams -> Self directed teams -> Collective bargaining -> Worker directors -> Works councils. Employee involvement can be described as an involvement-commitment cycle, a communication cycle that builds an internal culture encouraging initiative, learning and creativity. The cycle consists of the following stages: Managers perceive the need for involving employees in decision making Introduce new forms, employee involvement and open communication mechanisms Greater autonomy and input into decision making Increased employee job satisfaction, motivation and commitment Improved individual and organisational performance. As a group of HR practitioners discuss different approaches to industrial relations and identify which one would be most suitable for an organisation that must resort to significant redundancies in order to survive an economic crisis and new entrants in its industry sector.

Jamaica’s Slave Population and Reggae Music :: essays papers

Jamaica’s Slave Population and Reggae Music Rape. Murder. Incest. Serial killers. Civil wars. Atomic bombs. Concentration Camps. Internment Camps. Prisoner of war. Capital punishment. Domestic abuse. Hate crimes. Natural disasters. Poverty. Suicides. Corruption. All of these things are awful problems that our world has encountered. But one very important problem is not listed. That problem is slavery. Slavery was, and is, one of the worst things our world has ever had to face and deal with, yet it is not talked about like rape and murder are. We avoid talking about slavery, why? We do not want to admit that it existed, that we made a huge mistake? People are in denial? I am not quite such why slavery has not been talked about more or why more people do not know more about slavery. I believe it is time to change that. I chose to write my reggae paper on how Jamaican slavery influenced, and is reflected in, reggae music. I decided to research this topic because I find it intriguing. Slavery, in my mind, is the most awful existence a person can experience. I do not think I will ever be able to fully comprehend how one human being could treat a fellow human being with such disregard. Every country has had some interaction with slavery, whether in the past or present. It is unbelievable that few people truly understand how prevalent and awful slavery was and still is. My paper will guide you through the history of Jamaican slavery, while inserting popular reggae music which I feel exemplifies the point I am trying to make: the history or Jamaica has affected reggae music. My paper describes the Transatlantic Journey, British rule in Jamaica, and what happened to the Jamaican people once they were emancipated. I feel that the lyrics I have chosen to incorporate into my paper are prime examples of how such popular reggae artists, such as Bob Marley and Burning Spear, were influenced by the oppression of their people. How Could Something As Awful As Slavery Have Begun†¦ Before I conducted my research, I was troubled over the fact that something as awful as slavery could be justified and executed. I could not comprehend how something of this magnitude could ever be carried out. It was a race destroying itself. I came to understand that slavery, just like every other awful thing that goes on in this world, was concealed as something else.

Gender Representations in Pride and Prejudice

08 Fall 08 Fall â€Å"Discuss the ways in which gender has been represented in the text† The traditional English gentleman is typically seen as a strong symbol of masculinity and elegance, it’s hard to not fall for their charm with the English female being the submissive housewife with utter beauty, but never her own opinion. In Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen, this is certainly not the case.First published in 1813, the story is about the romance between the young heroine Elizabeth Bennet, the prejudiced middle class daughter and the proud, wealthy eligible bachelor Fitzwilliam Darcy as they both overcome their judgements and fall in love. Though English gentlemen were viewed as the stronger race with a high regard within society and strong social graces and husbands the head of the family with the final decision, the main male characters in the novel are portrayed as the challenges these characteristics.Austen uses the novel’s strong female protagonis t, Elizabeth Bennet to challenge to idea of women of that era being weak and passive, whereas the eligible bachelor of the town, Fitzwilliam Darcy, lacks in the social expectations as he is portrayed as juvenile, especially when it comes to love and courtship. Mr Bennet, the father of the strong female heroine, is portrayed as withdrawn and passive compared to the erratic personality of his wife, Mrs Bennet.Through characterisation, Austen intelligently challenges the traditional masculine and feminine roles of the Regency Era. The novel was first submitted for publication in November 1719 under the alternative title First Impressions between October 1796 and August 1797. During this time, the aftermath of the French Revolution was a time of intense ethical debate about revolutionary ideas and change about politics and sex equality. Austen’s novel does not comment on the events of war in her time, but rather on the imminent change of ethics with regards to gender equality.Equ ality between men and women in that era was fairly non-existent as women were deemed the weaker race as a woman was expected to remain passive throughout her life, marrying early and supporting her husband when need be, bearing children and living a rewarding social life. Men, however, being the head of the family and the husbands having superiority within marriage, were deemed fit to defend their country and have high regard within society with strong social graces and a hardworking attitude in the home.Young women in the Regency period were traditionally seen as property of their fathers, and when married off, they were then deemed the possession of their husband and forever loyal to the men in their lives. The feisty heroine of Elizabeth Bennet challenges this expectation by being maintaining her independence in a time of feminine weakness being told â€Å"you speak your opinion very decidedly for a woman of your age. † In her first marriage proposal from the odd Mr Collin s, Elizabeth maintains her strength as rather than marrying for wealth, she refuses his proposal.Ignoring the expectations of her family, as well as society, Elizabeth maintains her hope in marrying for love in saying â€Å"do you not consider me now as an elegant female intending to plague you, but as a rational creature speaking the truth from her heart† as she implores Mr Collins to understand her motives in maintaining her independence, as she refuses to apologise for what she wants thus showing her strength and challenging the idea of women being submissive with the society.Similarly, when Elizabeth journeys across the countryside to Netherfield to tend to her ill sister, Jane, as she does so with the bravado and independence not quite readily present within the upper class society. Though others were unimpressed by Elizabeth’s independent behaviour, Darcy was quite impressed by her audacity as he says the â€Å"brilliancy which exercise had given to her complexi on† as it gives women readers of that era an example of how women can be independent and not have to conform to the society’s expectations, that they can rise above and become more than just the property of man.In the Regency period, upper-class men were deemed the epitome of social grace and confidence. With a facade of social standing, Fitzwilliam Darcy challenges this social stereotype. Though seemingly confident in himself, Darcy’s pride gets the better of him as he is characterised as immature for a man of his time. When discussing his past with Elizabeth, Darcy blames his parents for his lack of social skills as they â€Å"allowed, encouraged and almost taught† him to be â€Å"selfish and overbearing. This shows Darcy’s willingness to fault his parents for his lack of confidence, and for a man of his time is slightly childish. At the first ball he attends, Darcy’s snobbish behaviour is seen as immature as he blatantly insults Elizabeth Bennet, to whom he first met. To his friend’s, Mr Bingley, suggestion of dancing with Elizabeth, Darcy replies â€Å"She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me† revealing him as a prejudiced man that is too proud to dance with that of the lower class portraying the upper class man as snobbish and conceited.The character of Darcy contrasts with the gentlemanly figure that has the upmost social graces within society, his awkward nature created by Austen shows the weaker side of man. Born into a reasonably wealthy family, Mr Bennet, though meant to be the head of the household, is characterised as passive and reluctant to be involved in his family’s schemes. Described as ‘so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve and caprice’ Mr Bennet does not epitomise the society’s expectations of the fatherly figure.During conversations with his family, particularly his wife, Mr Bennet would rather withdraw from the dispute to hi s drawing room or submissively obey to the commands of his wife, especially in the opening of the novel. By marrying his wife based on looks alone, Mr Bennet believes that the â€Å"respect, esteem, and confidence had vanished for ever; and all his views of domestic happiness were overthrown† challenging the idea that husbands had the final say in the relationship, and that marrying based on looks was appreciated within the society.In the opening, preoccupied by the newly arrived bachelor Mr Bingley, Mrs Bennet has many ideas and demands her husband take part for then he replies â€Å"depend upon it, my dear, that when there are twenty, I will visit them all† showing his willingness to make her happy rather than society’s expectation of the woman keeping the man pleased. In a society preoccupied with the importance of marriage, Mr Bennet defends his daughter’s decision in rejecting Mr Collins proposal, telling her â€Å"Your mother will never see you aga in if you do not marry Mr Collins †¦ nd I will never see you again if you do† showing his unwillingness to conform to the society’s expectations of women marrying for wealth rather than love. The wife in the Regency period was seen as the exact opposite of the husband, a weak passive woman who did mainly domestic work and cared for her family whilst obeying her husband’s orders. Mrs Bennet, however, certainly does not conform to these traditional roles. Described as a woman of â€Å"mean understanding, little information and uncertain temper†, Mrs Bennet is Austen’s comment on the equality of marriage.In the opening of the text, the reader is shown the erratic and overpowering personality of Mrs Bennet in contrast to the passive nature of her husband. Concentrated on marrying her daughters off to a suitable bachelor, Mrs Bennet overpowers the opinion of her husband in ordering him that â€Å"you must go, for it would be impossible for us to vi sit him, if you do not† showing her as domineering towards her husband portraying the wife figure in the novel to be more powerful compared to the husband.The use of the ‘ultimatum’ type deal from wife to husband, as this is at the beginning of the novel, foreshadows the theme of female authority throughout the text and in a time of oppression within a relationship as Mrs Bennet challenges the traditional role of the Regency era’s housewife. Through Austen’s use of clever characterisation, she defies the traditional masculine and feminine roles of the Regency Era.The challenging of the society’s values gave an alternative view of life for those living in the era. Though not portraying men in a good light, the novel’s feminist ideas gave women empowerment to speak up for their own beliefs and independence. Through strong characters such as Elizabeth and Mrs Bennet, women were given heroines to aspire to, and through the use of the submis sive male characters of Mr Bennet and Darcy the strength of the women contrasts against the weakness of the male characters.Jane Austen’s comments on gender equality was a powerful motion in her era, and still affect readers now in today’s modern society. Bibliography Ashley Gardner, â€Å"The Regency Era†, 2005, viewed on the 5th May http://www. gardnermysteries. com/index-regency. html Heat and Dust, â€Å"Gender Roles in the Victorian Times,† April 7, 2008, viewed 7th May, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, first published 1813, published in Penguin Classics 1996, updated Further Reading and 1972 Penguin Classics Introduction by Tony Tanner 2003. The Republic of Pemberly, Jane Austen Information, 2004, viewed on the 10th May, Scribd, Pride and Prejudice Class and Gender, 2012, viewed on the 9th May,

Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” Essay

Samuel Taylor Coleridge presents a complex web of themes and symbols within the seemingly simple plot line of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. The story of the seafarer with the ‘glittering eye’ (1.13) and his puzzling tale at sea told to an unwilling listener, the Wedding Guest, unfolds into a multifaceted array of planned sequences, heavy religious undertones, and hints at a biographical account of Coleridge’s past. If one reads The Rime of the Ancient Mariner simply as a tale at sea, the poem stands as a remarkable one with its continuous simple rhyme scheme and easy flow of speech. And if one reads deeper into the intricate symbolism, themes and significant subject matter, Coleridge’s masterpiece becomes even more brilliant. An examination of the poem on both levels proves Coleridge’s genius. The plot line is told in the third person and is about the Mariner’s first person account of his trip at sea. A narrative effect is accomplished with this choice, and although it takes away from the poetic feel, it gives the poem a more story-like flow. Characters include a protagonist, the Mariner, and a listener, the Wedding Guest, presumed to be the audience. Coleridge introduces his tale by describing the old, gray-headed sailor who approaches three young men headed for a wedding celebration and compels one of them, the groom’s next-of-kin, to hear his story. At first the intrusion is resented, but the sailor’s story becomes remarkably compelling. The listener falls captive to the building suspense, responding with fear, and later with horror as the tale unfolds. The Mariner tells of a storm at sea, how he and his crew were blown off course towards the South Pole, and how a good omen, an albatross, came to guide them back to the north. But the good omen soon turns into a nuisance. The Mariner shoots it, bringing bad luck to the ship and crew, as he showed no regard for living things. Death and his mate, Life-in-Death, come to the ship and battle over who will control. Death wins the ship; Life-in-Death wins over the Mariner, sparing his life, but giving death as the crew’s fate. For seven days and seven nights the Mariner is forced to confront the open, accusing eyes of his dead shipmates. He curses the sea creatures that squirm around him, proving to Life-in-Death that the Mariner has not learned  his lesson. Only when the Mariner praises the living things, when he â€Å"blessed them unaware†, (1.285) is the curse broken. Spirits then fill the bodies of his dead crewmates, and the ship sailed homeward. Soon the spirits depart and are replaced by â€Å"A man all light, a seraph man†(1.490) that shines light on the homeland. A small rescue boat comes alongside the Mariner’s ship and a loud noise rushes through the water, splitting and sinking the boat, throwing the Mariner into the sea. He is brought into the boat and the sight of him terrified everyone in it. The rescue boat reached shore and the Mariner runs to the Hermit of the Wood to beg for forgiveness from his sin. â€Å"What manner of man art thou?† (1.577) said the Hermit, which sparked a recount of the Mariner’s story in order to free him of the sin. The Mariner concludes his account to the Wedding Guest by saying that ever since the Hermit’s blessing, he has been obliged to travel from land to land, never knowing when the agony of remembrance might return. But whenever the curse again darkens his soul, he recognizes the face of a man with whom he must share his message of love and reveren ce for God’s creation. Basic analysis of the poem classifies it as a lyrical ballad. Although it can be seen as an almost miniature epic, the stanza form and meter follow that of a ballad. Coleridge uses four line stanzas with rhyme scheme â€Å"acbc† in the seven part poem and rotates the number of syllables in each line of the stanza, starting with a multiple of four, then three, and four, then three. Although there are a few irregular meters, as the 12th stanza in Part I and the 3rd in Part II have six lines each, there is a continued simple rhyme and flow throughout. Heavy usage is on a more complex internal rhyme, for example â€Å"And through the drifts the snowy clifts† (1.55) and â€Å"A speck, a mist, a shape, I wist!† (1.153). Coleridge uses repetition often in the poem as well. The repetition can be seen clearly in the first few stanzas of Part III, where â€Å"weary† is used three times in the first stanza, â€Å"wist† is repeated (II. 152, 153), â€Å"When throats unslaked, with black lips baked† (II.157, 162), and â€Å"A sail! a sail!† is cried in line 161. Often, the repetition is used for completion of the line’s allotted syllable number, as in the case of â€Å"See! see!† in line 167, but other instances Coleridge uses the repetition to add to the effect.  The seafarer is completely alone in the beginning of Part IV, and in the third stanza this is expressed by the reiteration of â€Å"Alone, alone, all alone† / â€Å"Alone on a wide wide sea!’ (II.232, 233), which emphasizes the solitary scenery. The poem has hints of alliteration throughout, often intertwined within the internal rhyme. â€Å"Hold off! Unhand me, graybeard loon!’ / â€Å"Eftsoons his hand dropped he† (II. 11, 12) and â€Å"The western wave was all aflame† (1.172) are examples. Furthermore, Coleridge uses these techniques of rhyme, repetition and alliteration to set the pace and the passing of time. â€Å"For the sky and the sea, and the sea and the sky† 91.250) reads slowly, expressing a slowing down of time, as the Mariner’s weariness seems to last forever. The rhetoric used is plain statement, as the Mariner is telling his ‘true’ tale of his trip at sea. Literally, the poem is a story, with descriptive details. Figuratively, however, deeper meanings can be observed. Religious connotations, mainly those found in Christian belief, are abundant throughout the poem. From the specific numbers used to show passage of time to the many symbols and representations, biblical references abound. First in the poem, the ship symbolizes the body of man. It is affected by the trials and tribulations of the sea, as humanity is affected by life’s trials. But is can also be steered, by the Mariner, who represents one’s soul. However, the fate of the ship is ultimately determined by the wind and currents in the sea. The resurgence of the ship after the death of the albatross, a skeleton ship this time, represents man’s emptiness without Christ. In Christianity, the body is dead and empty without accepting Christ; the ship that appeared carried Death and Life-in-Death, an obvious corollary. The wind represents the Holy Ghost, also guiding the ship on course. Even deeper into Christian beliefs is the possibility that the Mariner exemplifies Cain, a man found in the Bible in the book of Genesis. Cain killed his brother, as the Mariner killed the albatross, and both had to deal with the consequences of their actions. The most apparent symbol, however, is the albatross’ representation of  Christ. The albatross is killed by a cross-bow, symbolic of the cross that Christ died on. And the Mariner wore the bird around his neck, much like a crucifix: â€Å"Instead of the cross, the Albatross† / â€Å"About my neck was hung† (11.141, 142). Acceptance of Christ in Christianity is the one chance of getting to heaven; the albatross was the ship’s one chance at finding the way from the icy death of the sea. With the absence of the albatross, the ship came upon stagnant water. Nothing was directing the ship. Continuing this symbolism is the South Pole as a representation of Hell. The albatross was leading the aimlessly drifting ship from the South Pole’s direction, as Christ leads man to heaven. Therefore, the Mariner’s â€Å"own countree† (1.468) represents heaven, the final destination. When he reaches home( heaven), the body (ship) must die, therefore the ship sinks. When the Pilot and his boy see the ship sinking, they act as angels to retrieve the newly departed soul and carry it to heaven. Since the albatross is dead, representing Christ as one of the three parts of the Trinity, the Hermit is the â€Å"resurrected† Christ that comes to take the sin away from the Mariner. The symbolism of Christ is recurrent throughout the poem. God is also seen through the Sun and Moon. The Sun acts as God’s law constantly over the Mariner: â€Å"Nor dim nor red, like God’s own head† / â€Å"The glorious Sun uprist† (II. 97, 98), and the Moon is symbolic of the redemptive, loving God that comes to help the Mariner, as is seen with the Hermit and his forgiveness. Other significant Christian symbols are the numbers 7 and 3 used throughout the Bible and in Coleridge’s work. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is told in seven parts. Seven is the number of days it took God to create the earth in Genesis. The Mariner also â€Å"lay afloat† (1.553) for seven days until the Pilot’s boat picked him up. And, for seven days the Mariner saw the curse in his dead crewmate’s eyes. Three represents the Trinity and the number of days after Christ died before His resurrection. When Death-in-Life wins the battle over Death in Part III, she â€Å"whistles thrice† (1.198). The saviors of the Mariner from the sea, namely the Pilot, his boy and the Hermit, represent the three bodies of Christ: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. All of these symbols add to the theme of guilt and repentance in the poem. Coleridge is portraying the struggle within oneself after committing a crime, and the lingering question of when the guilt will pass. By telling the story to another, even an unreceptive audience, the removal of guilt and heavy burden is realized. The Wedding Guest leaves at the conclusion of the poem â€Å"A sadder and a wiser man† (1.624), proving the Mariner’s tale had an effect on him. And the Mariner was able to rid himself of the guilt of his sin by following the Hermit’s request to tell his story. Just as obvious is the theme that relates the Mariner to the story of Adam and Eve and their realization of the knowledge of good versus evil. Anthropological discussion of the dualistic mindset of humans (â€Å"us against them†) that begins with the story of Adam and Eve can be used to describe the theme in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. The Mariner’s act of killing the albatross is symbolic of his belief that humans are above animals; animals are the ‘other’ and thus easily disposed of. Although Adam and Eve did not actually physically ‘kill’ anything in the Garden of Eden, their eating of the Forbidden Fruit removed them from the group of animals that knew neither good nor evil thus eliminating their sense of well-being and happiness. Another parallel can be drawn from the fact that all the crewmates suffered from the Mariner’s lone mistake, as all mankind is said to suffer from the mistake of Adam and Eve. Another important comparison is the role of the snake in both the poem and in Genesis. The snake is considered to be the reason for the fall of man, as Adam and Eve fell from God’s grace in the garden after taking the snake’s advice. In The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, the Mariner must bless the snakes (â€Å"loving and forgiving them that spitefully use you†) before  the curse is removed. The Mariner had to stoop to the lowest level, ironically praising the means associated with man’s fall, in order to ascend. The theme of newly found independence can also be seen within the poem. Still within religious connotations, it is clear that the Mariner made a transition from dependence to a new, enlightened independence. His act of killing the albatross removed him from the dependence on the ship and the  bird. However, all alone, he realizes that some sort of dependence is necessary, and acknowledges the importance of spiritual guidance. The characterization of the Wedding Guest, as he is about to engage in a dependent relationship before being stopped by the effects of the Mariner’s story, imparts the message that independence is more desirable than dependence. â€Å"He went like one that hath been stunned† / â€Å"And is of sense forlorn:† / â€Å"A sadder and a wiser man† (II.622, 623, 624) show that the Wedding Guest, although saddened by the knowledge, was enlightened by the Mariner’s truth, and chose to walk away from the bridegroom’s door. Critics question whether Coleridge wrote this poem in response to occurrences in his own life. He was known to have an addiction to opium, the onset of which began when he was a patient at Christ’s Hospital, as it was the administered pain medication. He was said to be haunted by this addiction, the guilt possibly being the same guilt felt by the Mariner. Following the theme of dependence in the poem, Coleridge may have presented himself as the Mariner, initially needing the ship and the crew as he needed the opium. â€Å"Help† from the albatross, which he turned away, could have been early rehabilitation efforts. The struggle to deal without the albatross was finally thwarted as Coleridge accepted the addition (blessing the snakes) and thus accepted help from the Hermit and longed for forgiveness. The haunting and continuous guilt seems to be the lifelong knowledge that he could never truly be free from the addiction to opium, just as the Mariner had to share his story to rid himself of the guilt. Regardless of the many critical analyses of Coleridge’s lyrical ballad, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner proves to be a moralistic story. All can agree that the plot has a lesson to teach, and the Mariner’s rough struggles at sea, and at life, leave him with the burden to inform readers of what life’s lessons he learned. He is troubled by guilt, and has to find someone to listen, to teach. The religious roots run deep within the poem, however Coleridge constructed it so that an in depth study of Christian symbolism is unnecessary to understand his message. Neither is the focus on the significance of numbers or themes needed. In structure alone, the ballad is  an impressive piece. Its’ simplicity and flow make the story of travel an interesting read. Maybe Samuel Taylor Coleridge himself was following his â€Å"Hermit’s† order to release his guilt by writing this poem, and telling it to his readership for his own personal penance, or maybe it is just a lyrical ballad created from his vivid imagination. Nonetheless, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner succeeds in making the extraordinary believable; creating graphic word-pictures, some fraught with horror, others piercing with brief visions of exquisite beauty, but all evoking images so clear and deep they impact the reader’s senses and emotions.

Complete Guide How to Compose a Criminal Law Term Paper that Rocks

Complete Guide How to Compose a Criminal Law Term Paper that Rocks The Peculiarities of Criminal Law Term Paper Writing Criminal Law is considered to be a foundational course for all the college undergraduates who want to fight on the side of justice and build their careers in this field. Having enrolled in this course, all the students usually study a number of additional disciplines that include psychology, sociology, criminal behavior, criminology, criminal procedure, and public policy. Needless to say, that the course of Criminal Law implies that college undergraduates have a chance to study some critical aspects of the legal system. Such aspects may involve the basic knowledge of the parole system, law enforcement, courts, investigations, and corrections. The important point is that these students are often assigned with the task to write a term paper to give the professors an opportunity to evaluate their knowledge of the course material. Moreover, in the attempt to write an A+ term paper, the individuals should demonstrate their abilities to observe, to reason, and to reflect their critical thinking skills. Since a term paper may influence your final course grade, you should take great efforts to submit a well-structured and plagiarism-free term paper. If you want to write a term paper that deserves a high grade, it is critical to have a good understanding of the general structure of such a college assignment. Apart from that, you will need to use some pre-writing and post-writing activities to make your term paper informative and concise at the same time. It is a common thing that all the academic writing assignments should include your personal thoughts, as well as evidence of critical analysis, related to the topic of the research. For instance, imagine that you are writing a term paper entitled as ‘Assisted Death: Mercy or Just a Crime?’ In this case, you should explain your point of view regarding this controversial issue. Another important element of a good term paper is the use of factual information to support the main arguments introduced in the written assignment. Since a term paper is regarded as one of the common formats of academic writing, you should remember the importance of appropriate and credible sources used in the process of writing. Turning back to the same topic related to the assisted suicide, you can refer to the Suicide Act of 1961 that prohibited the euthanasia and to the Death with Dignity Act of 1994 that legalized the physician-assisted death. According to the recent statistics, the majority of the modern college undergraduates faces numerous challenges while writing a term paper in criminal law or criminal justice. A list of such difficulties may include: Choosing a bad topic for the research. A bad topic may be either unknown to you or irrelevant to the research. Without a doubt, looking through the additional materials in the attempt to get a particular knowledge of the chosen topic is a time-consuming task. Hence if, for instance, you have the insufficient knowledge of the criminal defense issues, avoid choosing this particular topic for your research. The poor understanding of the paper’s structure. Usually, the poorly structured college writing assignment lacks one of the key sections that include the introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. The use of different sources that cannot be regarded as credible ones. The use of newspapers as the sources of information is a great mistake since they are often biased. Such sources like The Crime Report, The Conversation, and Fox News should not be included on the list of references. Choosing a Perfect Topic for Criminal Law Term Paper It is no need to restate that the process of choosing a topic for the research is one of the most challenging steps in completing this college assignment. Indeed, in most cases, college undergraduates have a chance to select a topic among the ones provided by their professors. However, there are some cases when you need to choose the issue to be discussed in your term paper on your own. In this case, you can choose the topic of your interest that will make the writing process even more engaging. The process of choosing a topic for a criminal law term paper looks beyond finding a particular issue that attracts your interest. There are seven steps that should be taken through the process of choosing a topic for a paper. Step 1. Brainstorm for ideas in order to select a topic for your college assignment. While choosing the topic for your research, ask yourself the following questions: â€Å"Do I have a strong opinion regarding the issue discussed in the paper?† or â€Å"Do I want to learn a particular issue better?† Step 2. Find general background information regarding the chosen topic. In this case, you may use academic publications, journal articles, and newspaper posts. If we take the topic of euthanasia for illustrative purposes, it is required to find reliable materials that examine this issue from different perspectives. Step 3. If you have chosen a broad topic, you are highly recommended to narrow the field of your research and limit your topic. Since the topic of physician-assisted suicide is a broad topic for the research, you can try to narrow it by asserting that euthanasia should be legalized. Step 4. Make a list of useful keywords related to the topic you would like to discuss in the college written assignment. Taking into account the topic that we use for illustrative purposes, the list of keywords may include â€Å"active euthanasia†, â€Å"dying with dignity†, â€Å"Suicide Act†, â€Å"assisted suicide†, â€Å"passive euthanasia†, â€Å"involuntary euthanasia†, and â€Å"quality of life†. Step 5. Be flexible and use the opportunity to modify your topic during the process of research. Step 6. Find the required materials that would be useful for your term paper and read them carefully. The more knowledge of your topic you have, the better grades you will get. Step 7. Do not forget to formulate a strong thesis statement. A good example of an effective thesis statement can be found in the following sentence – â€Å"Euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide should be a legal option for the individuals diagnosed with a terminal illness†. Eye-Catching Ideas that Work Best for the Criminal Law Term Paper Should Capital Punishment Be Banned in the United States? How to Explain the Public Opinion Regarding the Mandatory Sentencing? Mandatory Sentencing as the Way of Punishment; Lethal Injection Drugs and Legal Challenges; Mental Disorders, Crime, and Punishment. Selecting Relevant Sources for Criminal Law Term Paper It is common knowledge that finding reliable sources is considered to be an important stage of the research process. If you fail to find relevant and credible sources, the ideas presented in the paper will not be regarded as effective arguments. Needless to say, that you should be able to understand which sources of information are credible. While searching for the required materials, you should take into account several factors that include depth, objectivity, currency, authority, and purpose. Depth While evaluating the sources, analyze each of them from the perspectives of breadth and depth. Make sure that the scope of these information sources is broad and intense. Objectivity The sources of information that you want to use in your criminal law term paper should not be biased in any way. Currency The factor of currency implies that the materials introduced in a particular source should represent accurate and current information. Authority You should consider whether the author has a required degree in the field of your research. Purpose Analyze the purpose of the source you want to use while writing your term paper. Take into account the target audience as well since it is considerably important. In most cases, the majority of college undergraduates does not have any difficulties in finding and using the information sources. In fact, many scientific journals that represent a variety of disciplines may include a particular literature related to the fields of crime and the criminal justice system. Evidently, while writing a term paper, you can use the criminal justice journals as well as the criminology publications. For instance, the most popular criminal justice and criminology journals include American Journal of Criminal Justice, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, and the British Journal of Criminology. Governmental publications usually contain some important materials that can be useful for your research. These sources are often used when it is necessary to provide evidence of the descriptive statistics used in the paper. As follows, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, as well as the National Institute of Justice, tends to publish regular reports in different areas of criminal justice. Both federal government agencies use the basic statistical techniques to publish some materials related to the issues of violence prevention, incarceration, or juvenile delinquency. Apart from that, a common list of sources that are frequently cited includes the Constitutions, statutes, and ordinances. Importance and Efficiency of Pre-Writing Activities Before you start working on your college assignment, you should have a clear understanding of the grading system for the term paper used by the professor. Apart from that, it is critical to understand his or her expectations. Think about the target audience since it is a considerably important factor that may influence your final results. The draft of a thesis statement, as well as the one of a term paper proposal, should be ready before you start writing the paper. When the professor approves your term paper proposal, it is recommended to create an outline for your writing. When you proceed with the first draft of a term paper, use this outline as a guide. Do research and find all the required materials before you start working on the paper. Needless to say, all the sources should be credible, reliable, and relevant. Additionally, you are recommended to create at least two drafts before writing a final paper. If you follow all the recommendations mentioned above, you will have a better chance to submit a high-quality term paper. Furthermore, these pre-writing activities may bring you a lot of benefits that will ease and accelerate the writing process. In fact, when college undergraduates plan out these activities, they are more likely to form coherent and concise arguments developed in their term papers. Plus, while creating the first draft of the assignment, they may think about the organization of the body paragraphs included in the paper. In turn, the ultimate advantage of the pre-writing activities is related to the content of the paper. While using these strategies, students can prevent some errors that could be committed occasionally. Common Structure of Criminal Law Term Paper A good understanding of the term paper structure improves your chances to submit a perfect paper and get the desired grades. Usually, a term paper has a basic structure that should be followed by all students. Generally speaking, this type of academic writing should include the particular key sections placed in a logical sequence. Since a term paper is considered a formal writing assignment, your paper should consist of Title Page, Table of Contents, Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion, and References. In the following passage, you can find a brief explanation of the key components of a criminal law term paper. Let us take the topic â€Å"Mental Disorders, Crime, and Punishment† to illustrate the theoretical issues related to the structure of a term paper. Engaging Ways to Begin a Term Paper: Tips from Our Experts It is a common knowledge that an introduction is the first part of a writing assignment. Although it is usually placed at the beginning of a term paper, you are highly recommended to write this part when the body paragraphs and the conclusion are already finished. In general, with the introduction, writers bring the topic of their research to the attention of the target readers. This paragraph should also include a perfect ‘hook’ that will spark the interest in the audience. In addition, it is required to provide relevant background information related to the topic of research. A strong thesis statement is one of the critical elements that have to be included in this section. As you remember, we have chosen the topic related to the criminal responsibility of the individuals suffering from different mental disorders. In the introduction, we should provide a brief overview of the current state of this important issue. What is more, we can discuss two possible outcomes for criminals with mental disorders. In the thesis statement, it is necessary to explain that this problem is a considerably controversial issue and provide two opposite sides of the problem. For instance, â€Å"While some individuals claim that such criminals should be punished, the others state that they should be treated for their behavior. The Main Body Where the Things Happen The main body is the basic component of your writing, and hence, you are recommended to complete the body paragraphs at the beginning of the writing process. Depending on the purpose of this college assignment, this particular section of a term paper may be organized in different ways. Below you can find some common recommendations that will be useful in the writing process. Divide this part of the paper into several sections and subsections to make your term paper readable. In this case, we can divide our writing into three main sections. The first one will discuss the current state of people with mental disorders in the criminal justice, as well as the current laws related to the criminal responsibility of the mentally disturbed individuals. In the second section, we can attempt to prove that such criminals should be punished. Finally, the third section will explain why the individuals with mental illnesses should be rather treated than punished for committing a crime. Do not forget that credible and reliable sources of information should support all the arguments presented in the body paragraphs. The materials needed for your research can be found in various peer-reviewed journals, government publications, and professional journals as well. Every publication used in your college assignment should be cited properly. The clear, well-organized, and logically comprehensible text is a must for a criminal law term paper. Although you have to use some additional materials to complete a paper, do not forget to mention your standpoint. What is more, you can disagree with the arguments presented in the sources you have used in the writing process. However, your ideas should be supported by evidence. End Your Criminal Law Term Paper Powerfully In this part of a term paper, you should refer back to the issue discussed in the introduction. In conclusion, it is required to restate the topic for the research, as well as the thesis statement, introduced in the opening paragraph. Apart from that, it is necessary to summarize all the important points discussed in the body paragraphs. Do not forget to talk about the significance of all the arguments you have provided. Post-Writing Activities: Proofreading and Editing The final two elements known as the proofreading and the editing are the final stages of the writing process. The following useful tips and recommendations will turn the draft of your term paper into a polished college writing assignment. Check the critical grammatical aspects that include the use of a consistent tense as well as the subject-verb and the noun-pronoun agreements; Spelling, Punctuation, and Capitalization are the other three factors that should be taken into account if you want to get the best grades; Check whether all the sentences, as well as the sentence fragments used in the paper, have a good structure; Make sure that the entire text is coherent and that all the body paragraphs are placed in a logical sequence. References Before You Start That Paper: Some Prewriting Tip. University Of Kansas School Of Medicine, kumc.edu/Documents/counseling/Before%20You%20Start%20That%20Pape r_rev.pdf. Accessed 18 Aug 2018. Buttram, Cayla et al. Source Credibility: How To Select The Best Sources. UNA Center For Writing Excellence, 2012, https://www.una.edu/writingcenter/docs/Writing- Resources/Source%20Credibility.pdf. Accessed 10 Aug 2018. Essentials Of How To Write A Term Paper. A Research Guide, https://www.aresearchguide.com/write-a-term-paper.html. Accessed 9 Aug 2018. How To Select A Research Paper.University Of Michigan-Flint, https://www.umflint.edu/library/how-select-research-topic. Accessed 9 Aug 2018. Saprik, Khairunnisa. Why Study Criminal Law?. Hot Course Abroad, https://www.hotcoursesabroad.com/study-abroad-info/subject-guides/why-study- criminal-law/. Accessed 9 Aug 2018.

How does the hosting of the world cup 2022 affect Qatars economy

How does the hosting of the world cup 2022 affect Qatars economy Introduction Qatar is the first nation within the Middle East region to be awarded the right to host the World Cup in the year 2022. The country had tagged the phrase â€Å"Expect Amazing† to their bid to host the prestigious tournament. The committee anticipates an estimated half a million visitors in the country during the tournament. This number represents a large percentage of the total population of the nation. The committee projects that the tournament will have a substantial impact on the economy of the country.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How does the hosting of the world cup 2022 affect Qatar’s economy? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In line with development within the nation, the authorities had set aside a whopping $100 million to improve on the infrastructure before the announcement was made that they would host the prestigious tournament (Willis 132). This amount is close to 90 percent of the gross domestic product (Willis 127). The money was set aside to be spent on various projects under the vision 2030 master plan that many people considered being ambitious. The announcement only stoked the flames of the spending plans by fast tracking the entire program, which was expected to be completed by the year 2022. The grand plan involves government expenditure of over $40 billion while the rest of the funding may come from other bodies such as Qatar petroleum (Willis 132). There are quite a number ambitious projects included in the grand plan mainly in sectors such as education, health transport, housing and tourism. There are also major plans to revamp and improve on the railway and metro transport systems with a whopping sum of around $25 billion (Willis 132). There is already progress in the construction of the first phase of the New Doha airport that is going to cost $10 billion (Fromherz 94). The plan is to replace the airport entirely in the long run. The country planned to launch the first phase of the airport for open use in less than two years. The later phases are planned for the next 15 years. The capacity of the airport is expected to increase tenfold with the number of passengers projected at 24 million annually in the beginning (Fromherz 97). The plan is to expand this number to around 50 million people annually. There are other substantial projects such as the $1 billion link for crossing to the modern airport, and the $7 billion seaport in the deep waters as well as other projects in the northern side of the city (Fromherz 99). The road network will see an injection of $20 billion for expansion as well as enhancements. The bridge projects dubbed the Qatar-Bahrain Friendship Bridge will also see a radical injection of $4 billion (Fromherz 99).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Differences that h osting the World Cup can make in Qatar By hosting the World Cup, Qatar will feel the urgency through the provision of stiffer deadlines for the completion of the projects. This will play a crucial role in displaying the country’s ability to host the tournament. The authorities have already publicized the inauguration of 200 projects, which they aim to set off in diverse regions (Willis 132). The plans to set off the railway and metro systems are expected to have been finished by the time the World Cup is going to start (Fromherz 179). This is in a bid to cater for the huge influx of visitors expected in the region at the time of the tournament. The pace at which the Qatar-Bahrain road is being handled will have to be picked up, with more attention being focused on the project so that it will be completed much faster than anticipated. It may be pertinent to note that most of the projects that have been mentioned in this paper were already in place before the major announcement that the country was going to host the tournament. Moreover, the region will also gain from further funding and spending on projects that will be undertaken principally for the World Cup tournament. There are two main areas that the country will receive major boosts. These are the hospitality and the sports sectors (Willis 132). The blueprint for the tournament in the country has included 12 stadiums that will be ready for use by the year 2021. They include the expansion of three existing stadiums as well as nine modern structures that will be able to hold over 40,000 people each (Willis 132). The total cost upon the completion of the projects is estimated at around $4 billion. There are additional plans to construct around 100,000 additional boarding facilities as much as the required number is 65,000, which is the number according to FIFA (Chaddock 138). For sure, the subsequent shot in the arm for the economy of Qatar ought not to be taken too lightly. There has never been a mor e opportune moment than this one. There are several instances that can be referred to as coincidences, such as the nation achieving its target of 77 million LNG production tons per annum in the middle of pessimism, regarding the country’s capability of sustaining the increased growth, following the completion of gas related projects. Projections of an increase of 20 percent in the coming year brought about elation and roused feelings of joy among the people of Qatar. The International Monetary Fund focused these projections. The country is already the second leading recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) after Saudi Arabia.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How does the hosting of the world cup 2022 affect Qatar’s economy? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The World Investment Report of 2010 from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) indicates that last year alone, Qatar more than doubled the value of foreign direct investments it received. This was from $4.1 billion to a stunning $8.8 billion (Chaddock 205). Wonderful progress in the field of energy, especially in the production of gas was attributed to this increase. The awarding of the prestigious tournament to the country will definitely see an increase in the foreign direct investment in the region. Implications to the country The general spending plans of the country are set to bring about major development in the region. Aside from the fact that the general plans are already massive, the World Cup is set to bring about major changes to the nation. All this spending is aimed at benefiting the country massively. One of the main outcomes will be continued economic growth, which would result from the injection of funding into the economy. The country had recently seen a marked increase in the growth rate that had been brought about by the massive buildup in volumes within the division of h ydrocarbon, which was almost ending (Rahman 234). The ambitious plan to spend vast amounts of money in order to accommodate the upcoming tournament will steer the economy away from its dependence on hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the corporate world will get a significant role to play when there is a marked increase in the input of non-hydrocarbon associated undertakings. Because enhancements in the set-up had not kept at par with the hastened development of the populace or the economic structure, the region will also experience some sense of relief from the deficiencies and bottlenecks that have been piling up over the years through investments in the framework. Additional progress in the years to come may be stimulated by innovative investments. The most interesting aspect about this is that it augurs well for the plans in the country by the authorities to make it a center of attraction by improving the tourism sector. The financial subdivision in the country will experience remarkabl e ramifications through the spending program. Sectors such as investment and banking will be some of the key legatees. Quite a number of projects that have been sponsored by the authorities, which have been influential in assisting the banking sector to recuperate following recent global financial catastrophes.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Financial institutions will be assisted to increase revenues that they raise through increased business fee generating projects as well as the acme column development via sustained plans for the years yet to come. There is also the projection that some firms will go for initial public offerings in order to seek for funding from the public, resulting in bottomless stock market reserves. The result of all this will be a marked improvement in Qatar’s competitiveness and attempts to make it the financial hub in the region. Effects on the entire region The six member states signed a treaty or pact offering assurance to the Gulf Cooperation Council companies who are likely to chase up on emerging business prospects that may be brought about by this magnificent sporting activity. The treaty offers GCC companies operating rights to some of the most lucrative businesses in the region. The companies may operate branches in member states. The key resolution was implemented in Abu Dhabi summit of 2010 at the 31st conference (Chaddock 145). The region is sure to experience a dramatic and significant boost in intra-regional trade. The countries that surround Qatar are sure to provide raw materials that are not found in the region. This will in turn increase the economies. The main financial organizations will gain a lot from the activities that will be taking place since they will be financing, as well as servicing the superfluity of ventures brought about by the illustrious sporting activity. Caution to be taken when evaluating the impacts of the projects Several aspects in terms of risks have to be contemplated in pursuit of successful implementation of the projects. In the first place, the administrations finances will receive unwanted pressure due to planned spending, which brings about this risk in most cases. The rate at which the administration is borrowing from local financial institutions has steadily risen in recent years. It has also increased its issuance of bonds in a bid to raise money for implementation of projects. In addition, as it mostly happens, the money that is spent may overshoot the planned costs causing the definitive bill to be revised in an upward direction over years. Nevertheless, the steep climb in spending estimates may always be softened by an immense reserve in foreign assets as well as sturdy revenues from the hydrocarbon industry. One more consideration worth taking note of is the expensive inheritance assets, which will stay in the country following the finale of the World Cup. There are aspects such as the excessive number of hotel rooms that will be built (Chaddock 215). They will be oversupplied. Another aspect is the stadiums that will be left after the tournament. The 12 stadiums will be grossly underutilized since the country will not be able to maximize on them after the tournament. Conversely, the administration aims to get around this issue by disassembling them and offering less developed countries with the structures as gifts. In any case, the need to satisfy the world football governing body FIFA’s rules regarding the World Cup does not interfere with the amount of money that they intend to spend on the projects. Prospects about brought by the sporting event The plans that have been put in place, and the forever growing gas business, in accordance with reviews proffered by statistical departments in the sector, the gas reserves in the country are a whopping 25.5 trillion cubic meters (Fromherz 77). This is equivalent to almost 14% of the justified reserves in the world. There are reports from various quarters such as the International Monetary Fund, which indicate that the prospects for the country are looking up for the people. The economy is set to experience a rise. The rate at which the economy is expected to grow is around 20 percent in the coming year. This is assuming that there is no catastrophic pressure on inflation. There are projections of the inflation ra te sticking at around the bear minimal of 3 percent in situations that there is no rise in the prices of energy. From a wider perspective, the chance to change the economy of the country is here, and the administration ought not to let it pass them by. This is the opportune moment to turn the economy into a worldwide economy. The major dreams that the people of Qatar have had may be finally realized with the coming on of the World Cup in the country. It may act as one of the strongest facilitators that may catapult the economic status of Qatar into one of the strongest in the region and the world collectively. Conclusion It is pertinent to note that some of the key divisions that are set to make gains from the advent of the World Cup 2022 in Qatar include the hospitality, construction, and the banking industries, as well as the infrastructure. It is obvious that there will also be sizeable gains for the allied and service sectors, which offer backing, as well as accolade to the divi sions that have been named above. This is the right time for many businesses to set up their operations in the country so that they may take advantage of the upcoming situation. Sports events will always make a monumental impact on any nation that they are held. The Middle East is one of the areas where there has been a lot of apprehension regarding any events. This is due to many factors including climatic, historical, and religious reasons. With enhanced security in the region and the world as a whole. The World Cup is set to take off in 2022 in some of the most secure places in the world. Chaddock, David. Qatar: The Business Travelers’ Handbook, Northampton, MA: Interlink Books, 2003. Print. Fromherz, Allen. Qatar: A Modern History, London, England: I.B Tauris, 2011. Print. Rahman, Habibur. The Emergence of Qatar: The Turbulent Years, London, England: K. Paul, 2005. Print. Willis, Terry. Qatar: Enchantment of The World, Chicago, ILL: Children’s Press, 2004. Print.

Oseberg - Viking Ship Burial in Norway

Oseberg - Viking Ship Burial in Norway Oseberg is the name of a Viking ship burial, located near present-day Tà ¸nsberg, Norway, about 60 miles (95 kilometers) south of Oslo, on the banks of the Oslo Fjord in Vestfold county. Oseberg is one of several ship burials in the region, but it is the richest and best preserved of such elite graves. Key Takeaways: Oseberg Ship Burial Oseberg is a Viking boat grave, the interment of two elite women inside a working ship. Created in 834 CE in eastern Norway south of Oslo, the ship and its contents were  remarkably well-preserved.  The ship was likely a royal barge built in 820 CE in western Norway.Completely excavated in 1904, archaeological research has been focused on the analysis and conservation of the recovered artifacts.   Viking Ship Description The Oseberg ship was a karvi, a clinker-constructed ship built almost entirely of oak, and measuring 70.5 feet (21.4 meters) long, 17 ft (5.1 m) wide, and 4.9 ft (1.58 m) deep, from the railing to keel. The hull was constructed of 12 board planks stacked horizontally on either side; the port and starboard upper board planks have 15 oar holes, meaning the ship would have been propelled by a total of 30 oars- the oars were included in the burial. Oseberg was an elaborately decorated ship, with several ornate carvings covering its hull, and it was decidedly not built for strength as a warship might have been. Analysis of the wooden parts of the ship suggested to archaeologists that the ship was originally a royal barge, built in Western Norway about 820 CE and used for short voyages along the coastlines. It wasnt terribly seaworthy, but it was overhauled immediately before the burial. The oars and yardarm were new and not the right size for the ship, and the anchor was too small. Tools found aboard the ship included two small axes, kitchen equipment including a quern for grinding grain located near a butchered ox. The handles on both were well-preserved, with a characteristic herringbone pattern known as spretteteljing in evidence. A small wooden chest was also identified: although it was empty, it is assumed to have been a tool chest. Animals represented in the faunal assemblage included two oxen, four dogs, and 13 horses; there were also sledges, wagons, and a vertical loom. Burial Chamber Gabriel Gustafson excavation: News photo of the Oseberg Viking Ship Burial, 1904. Hulton Archive / Getty Images In the middle of the barge was a timber-built box with a tent-like cover of roughly hewn oak planks and posts. The chamber had been plundered in the 10th century CE- apparently part of ritual disturbances of many mounds during the reign of Harald Bluetooth (911–986 CE), who had ordered the destruction of mounds as part of his Christianization of the Scandinavian people. Despite Harolds efforts, the chamber still included the fragmented skeletal remains of two women, one aged in her 80s and the other in her early fifties. When it was excavated in 1904, the interior of the chamber still contained the remains of several textiles. Some of the textiles may have been bedding, or wall hangings, or both. There were the remains of the womens clothing discovered as well: over 150 fragments of silk were found woven into the garments of the women. Twelve of the fragments were silk embroidery, the earliest found to date in Scandinavia. Some of the silk had been treated with madder and kermes dyes. Some historians (such as Anne-Stine Ingstad, associated with the discovery of Leif Ericssons Lanse aux Meadows camp in Canada) have suggested the elderly woman was Queen Asa, mentioned in the Viking poem Ynglingatal; the younger woman is sometimes referred to as a hofgyà °ja or priestess. The name of Oseberg- the burial is named after the nearby town- might be interpreted as Asas berg; and the word berg is related to the Old High German/Old Anglo-Saxon terms for hill or grave mound. No archaeological evidence has been found to support this hypothesis. Dating the Oseberg Ship Detail of the Oseberg Cart from the Oseberg ship burial, 9th century. Print Collector / Hulton Archive / Getty Images Dendrochronological analysis of the grave chamber timbers gave a precise date of the construction as 834 CE. Radiocarbon dating of the skeletons returned a date of 1220–1230 BP, consistent with the tree ring dates. DNA could only be retrieved from the younger woman, and it suggests she may have originated from the Black Sea region. Stable isotope analysis suggests the two had a primarily terrestrial diet, with relatively small amounts of fish compared to typical Viking fare. Excavation Prior to excavation, the large mound built over the top by the Vikings had been known as Revehaugen or Fox Hill: after the nearby Gokstad ship was discovered in 1880, Fox Hill was presumed to also hold a ship, and clandestine attempts to uncover parts of the mound began. Much of the soil was removed and used for fill before 1902 when the first official survey of what was left of the mound was conducted. Oseberg was excavated by Swedish archaeologist Gabriel Gustafson (1853–1915) in 1904 and eventually written up by A.W. Brogger and Haakon Shetelig. The remarkable preservation of the contents was the result of the weight of the huge mound built above it, which pressed the ship and its contents down below the water table. The ship has been restored and it and its contents have been on display at the Viking Ship House at the University of Oslo since 1926. But over the last 20 years, scholars have noted that the wooden artifacts have become increasingly brittle. Conservation When Oseberg was discovered over a hundred years ago, scholars used typical preservation techniques of the day: all the wooden artifacts were treated to various mixtures of linseed oil, creosote, and/or potassium aluminum sulfate (alum), then coated in lacquer. At the time, the alum acted as a stabilizer, crystallizing the woods structure: but infrared analysis has shown that the alum has caused the complete breakdown of the cellulose, and the modification of lignin. Some of the objects are only held together by the thin layer of lacquer. The Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres have been addressing the issue, and conservationists at the National Museum of Denmark have been working on developing a comprehensive approach to the preservation of waterlogged wooden objects. Although the answers are as yet unclear, some potential exists for the creation of an artificial wood to replace that lost. Selected Sources Bill, Jan. Ambiguous Mobility in the Viking Age Ship Burial from Oseberg. Materialities of Passing: Explorations in Transformation, Transition and Transience. Eds. Bjerregaard, Peter, Anders Emil Rasmussen and Tim Flohr Sà ¸rensen. Vol. 3. Studies in Death, Materiality and the Origin of Time. New York: Routledge, 2016. 207–253. Print. of Power Politics? Antiquity 86.333 (2012): 808–24. Print.Draganits, E., et al. The Late Nordic Iron Age and Viking Age Royal Burial Site of Borre in Norway: ALS- and GPR-Based Landscape Reconstruction and Harbour Location at an Uplifting Coastal Area. Quaternary International 367 (2015): 96–110. Print.McQueen, Caitlin M. A., et al. New Insights into the Degradation Processes and Influence of the Conservation Treatment in Alum-Treated Wood from the Oseberg Collection. Microchemical Journal 132 (2017): 119–29. Print. Nordeide, Sà ¦bjà ¸rg Walaker. Death in Abundance Quickly! The Duration of the Oseberg Burial. Acta Archaeologica 82.1 (2011): 7–11. Print.Vederler, Marianne. Silk for the Vikings. Ancient Textiles Series 15. Oxford: Oxford Books, 2014.

What Are The Laws Of Directors Remuneration In Australia Are They Research Paper

What Are The Laws Of Directors Remuneration In Australia Are They Adequate, Effective And Efficient To Protect The Interests Of The Shareholders - Research Paper Example It is simply regarded as the salary of the directors that is paid by a particular company to the director. A director is viewed to be an administrative officer of a business entity and acts as a principal agent of a concern. The remuneration of the directors is not only provided in the form of salary but also in the form of bonuses, incentives and stock payments and other benefits. Different laws are applicable concerning director’s remuneration in diverse nations.It has been viewed that the remuneration reforms which formed by the Federal government of Australia attracted the response of various organizations as well as their respective directors and also made them to respond to make any sort of change in stakeholder engagement. However, the shareholders and the constitution frames by a company play a major part in determining the laws of director’s remuneration in Australia.1 In this discussion, the different laws concerning director’s remuneration in Australia will be taken into concern. Moreover, the laws are adequate, effective and efficient or not in order to protect the interests of the shareholders will also be portrayed in the discussion. Legal Issues Relevant To the Laws of Directors’ Remuneration in Australia The legal issues relevant to the laws of director’s remuneration in Australia can be processed under the recognition of Chartered Secretaries Australia (CSA). It has been apparently observed that the issue relating to directors remuneration received much attention in the year 2011. In this similar regard, this regulatory reform issue ranked third in the year 2012.2 Section 9 of the Corporations Act defines remuneration as any benefit that is provided to an employee or an officer belonging to a particular corporation. Moreover, the Act also described remuneration as compensation that comprises all employee benefits such as salaries, bonuses and wages among others. According to Chartered Secretaries Australia (20 09), the Australian Government newly released the Corporations Amendment Bill 2009 for public consultation. Under the guidelines of this law, it has been proposed that the termination benefits especially for the directors as well as the senior management officials will need approval from the shareholders. This practice would ultimately ensure higher remuneration scrutiny that includes greater responsibility and termination payments.1 The different legal issues that can be correlated with the laws of director’s remuneration in Australia are the ‘two-strikes’ rule, proxy voting, no vacancy rule, remuneration consultants and voting by key management personnel.3 The detailed analysis of the aforementioned issues has been described hereunder. The ‘Two-Strikes’ Rule According to the Corporations Act 2001, every listed company is required to make a remuneration report that should be submitted to a non- binding vote of shareholders at the Annual General Meet ing (AGM) of a company. The Act proposes to empower this requirement by forming ‘two strikes’ and re-election procedure. In this connection, the first strike would take place at the time when remuneration report of a company receives a ‘no’ vote of near about 25% or more. If certain situation arises, then it is the responsibility of the management officials of a company to convey the matter related to the board in order to take necessary steps or action. If a company does not convey any message relating to the matter, then the board would be liable to take necessary actions. The second strike would happen when the remuneration repo